Sordariomycetes
is one of the largest classes of
Ascomycota
and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well ...as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the
Sordariomycetes
and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;
Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae
and
Meliolomycetidae
and five orders;
Amplistromatales
,
Annulatascales
,
Falcocladiales
,
Jobellisiales
and
Togniniales
. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in
Sordariomycetes
is also provided.
During a north–south latitudinal survey of aquatic fungi on submerged wood and herbaceous material in streams in the Asian region, we collected several hyphomycetous taxa. This paper is part of a ...series where we provide illustrated accounts of these taxa and place them in a natural classification in the fungi. DNA sequence based phylogenies in recent literature have shown that
Dendryphion
,
Sporidesmium
and Torula-like species are polyphyletic in the phylum Ascomycota and their taxonomyhas been problematic due to a lack of understanding of the importance of morphological characters used to delimit taxa, as well as the lack of ex-type or reference strains. Based on multi-locus phylogenies together with morphology, we propose the novel family
Distoseptisporaceae
(Sordariomycetes) and three novel genera
Neotorula
(
Pleosporales
, Dothideomycetes),
Distoseptispora
(Sordariomycetes) and
Pseudosporidesmium
(Sordariomycetes). In addition,
Dendryphion aquaticum
,
D. submersum
,
Distoseptispora fluminicola
,
D. aquatica
,
Kirschsteiniothelia submersa
,
Neotorula aquatica
,
Sporidesmium aquaticum
,
S. submersum
and
S. fluminicola
are introduced as new species.
Pseudosporidesmium knawiae comb. nov
. is proposed to accommodate
Sporidesmium knawiae
in Sordariomycetes. The polyphyletic nature of
Dendryphion
,
Sporidesmium
and Torula-like species are partially resolved, but further sampling with fresh collections and molecular data of species are needed to obtain a natural classification.
Multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA), were used to evaluate temporal and ...spatial variations in and to interpret large and complex water quality datasets collected from the Shuangji River Basin. The datasets, which contained 19 parameters, were generated during the 2 year (2018-2020) monitoring programme at 14 different sites (3192 observations) along the river. Hierarchical CA was used to divide the twelve months into three periods and the fourteen sampling sites into three groups. Discriminant analysis identified four parameters (CODMn, Cu, As, Se) loading more than 68% correct assignations in temporal analysis, while seven parameters (COD, TP, CODMn, F, LAS, Cu and Cd) to load 93% correct assignations in spatial analysis. The FA/PCA identified six factors that were responsible for explaining the data structure of 68% of the total variance of the dataset, allowing grouping of selected parameters based on common characteristics and assessing the incidence of overall change in each group. This study proposes the necessity and practicality of multivariate statistical techniques for evaluating and interpreting large and complex data sets, with a view to obtaining better information about water quality and the design of monitoring networks to effectively manage water resources.
Conducting a vulnerability assessment of hydrogen stations is beneficial for a more comprehensive understanding of safety risks, timely identification of weak links in hydrogen stations to reduce ...accident risks. This paper proposes a vulnerability assessment method for hydrogen stations in industrial parks based on the improved combination ordered weighted averaging (COWA) operator and ordinal relationship method (G1) and cloud gravity center theory. The vulnerability assessment index system for hydrogen stations considers the vulnerability of personnel, facilities, materials, environment, and emergency response capabilities. The Pythagorean fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (PFDEMATEL) method is used to determine the centrality of the evaluation index, and the comprehensive weight is determined by combining the COWA operator and the G1 method. The cloud gravity center is utilized to determine the vulnerability assessment level by calculating the weighted similarity. A hydrogen station is used as an example to verify the applicability and objectivity of the method. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method has high efficiency and is suitable for vulnerability evaluations. The research findings can provide a theoretical reference and decision-making basis for improving safety management and emergency response of hydrogen stations.
Display omitted
•A vulnerability evaluation index system for hydrogen stations was built.•Pythagorean fuzzy numbers address the haziness and ambiguity of assessment.•Apply PFDEMATEL-COWA and G1 method combination assignment to obtain more objective results.•The cloud center of gravity theory is used for the first time to better evaluate the vulnerability of hydrogen stations.
Purpose
Nitrogen (N) is an important element for crop yield and its availability may be affected by biochar. The mechanisms through which biochar influences N availability and thus crop productivity ...remain largely unclear, although they seem to be principally mediated by microbial processes. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of rice straw biochar on soil N availability and microbial functional genes (MFG) involved in N transformations under field experiment.
Materials and methods
The field experiment was performed using biochar amendment (0, 20, 40 t ha
−1
) with or without N fertilizer application in a rice paddy in central China.
Results
The results suggested that the soil NH
4
+
-N content showed a decreasing trend during the early stage of rice growing season while increasing its availability during the later stage in the plots with biochar amendment as compared with control. Nonetheless, soil NO
3
−
-N was not affected by biochar addition, N fertilization, and their interaction at most of the sampling times. With the increase of N fertilizer and biochar application, soil MBC and MBN increased in most of the sampling times during the first and second seasons. The N uptake was significantly positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN in the first and second seasons. Biochar addition also affected some MFG involved in N transformations, causing a general decrease in the abundance of bacterial ammonia oxidizers during mature stage and
narG
(nitrate reduction) at heading stage during the second season independent of biochar application rates, while increase in
nifH
(nitrogen fixation) at heading stage during the first season in 40 t ha
−1
biochar treatments with N application, as compared with the control. However, there is lack of significant relationships between measured soil inorganic N and genetic data for each season.
Conclusion
As a result, the application of biochar had a slow release effect on soil NH
4
+
-N and regulated the N uptake in rice. However, we believe that the dynamic of soil N availability during rice growing seasons may have been dominantly driven by abiotic factors rather than microbially mediated processes in double rice-cropping system.
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