A simple method for the extraction of the times of maximal emission for kaons and pions using the combined fitting of their transverse momentum spectra and the longitudinal interferometry radii ...dependencies on the pair transverse mass mT is applied to Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energy sNN=5.02 TeV. The method is based on the analytical formulas, that were earlier successfully utilized in the studies of Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV. To test the method, the spectra, radii and particle radiation picture are calculated within the integrated hydrokinetic model (iHKM), that includes all the stages of the matter evolution in high-energy A+A collisions: the system's formation, its thermalization, viscous hydrodynamics evolution, particlization and subsequent hadronic cascade. The model describes and predicts well already published LHC data in “soft physics” kinematic region. Thus, the fitting results for maximal emission times of kaons and pions are compared to the approximate maximal emission time values, estimated based on the emission function plots, obtained in iHKM. The developed simple method was successfully applied to the data analysis in the case of lower LHC energy and can be used in further experimental studies of femtoscopy data in relativistic A+A collisions.
This paper offers a new theory that describes the influence of uncertainty on economic fundamentals. This theory posits that uncertainty can improve social welfare. We argue that in an economy, where ...spending of the customers for the differentiated good correlates with larger substitutability of its varieties, the equilibrium output decreases and the prices increase when uncertainty appears. Alternatively, if such spending and substitutability anti-correlate, the predictions for the price and output changes are reversed. The arguments are based on general equilibrium modeling with the monopolistic competition of firms which produce varieties of the differentiated good under limited information regarding the consumer demand. The impact of uncertainty on the equilibrium is assessed by using the relationship between the weighted elasticity of substitution between varieties, the elasticity of the consumer utility, and the income share spent on the differentiated good.
The recent results on the main soft observables, including hadron and photon yields and particle number ratios,
p
T
spectra, flow harmonics, as well as the femtoscopy radii, obtained within the ...integrated hydrokinetic model (iHKM) for high-energy heavy-ion collisions are reviewed and re-examined. The cases of different nuclei colliding at different energies are considered: Au+Au collisions at the top RHIC energy
s
NN
=
200
GeV, Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energies
s
NN
=
2.76
TeV and
s
NN
=
5.02
TeV, and the LHC Xe+Xe collisions at
s
NN
=
5.44
TeV. The effect of the initial conditions and the model parameters, including the utilized equation of state (EoS) for quark-gluon phase, on the simulation results, as well as the role of the final afterburner stage of the matter evolution are discussed. The possible solution of the so-called “photon puzzle” is considered. The attention is also paid to the dependency of the interferometry volume and individual interferometry radii on the initial transverse geometrical size of the system formed in the collision.
In the present work, we combine and systemize the results of our recent research activity aiming to reveal the spatiotemporal structure of those extremely hot, dense, and rapidly expanding systems, ...which form in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, as well as to reproduce in computer simulations the experimentally measured bulk observables. The latter include hadronic yields, particle number ratios, transverse momentum spectra, νn coefficients, and the femtoscopy scales, calculated for different collision energies within the integrated hydrokinetic model. We investigate how our simulation results depend on the model tuning, in particular, the utilized equation of state for quark-gluon matter and discuss the effect of the post-hydrodynamic stage of the system's evolution on the observables formation.
The production of the K⁎(892) strange resonance in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV LHC energy is analyzed within the integrated hydrokinetic model (iHKM) at different equations of state of ...superdense matter. The similar analysis is done also for the RHIC top energy sNN=200 GeV for comparison purposes. A modification of experimental K⁎(892)-identification is studied for different centralities in view of possible re-scattering of the decay products at the afterburner stage of the fireball evolution. We see quite intensive rescattering of the decay products as well as recombination processes for K⁎(892). In addition, the production of the much longer-long-lived ϕ(1020) resonance with hidden strange quark content is investigated.
The results on the main bulk observables obtained in the simulations within the integrated hydrokinetic model (iHKM) of Au+Au collisions at the RHIC energy sNN=200 GeV are presented along with the ...corresponding experimental data from the STAR and the PHENIX collaborations. The simulations include all the stages of the collision process: formation of the initial state, its gradual thermalization and hydrodynamization, viscous relativistic hydro-evolution, system's hadronization and particlization, and, finally, an expansion of the interacting hadron-resonance gas. The model gives a satisfactory description of charged-particle multiplicities, particle number ratios, transverse momentum spectra for pions, kaons, (anti)protons, lambdas, xi, and omega, charged-particle v2 coefficients, and femtoscopy radii at all collision centralities. It is demonstrated how one can estimate the times of the pion and kaon maximal emission from the femto-scales.
We provide, within the hydrokinetic model, a detailed investigation of kaon interferometry in Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energy (sNN=2.76 TeV). Predictions are presented for 1D interferometry radii of ...KS0KS0 and K±K± pairs as well as for 3D femtoscopy scales in out, side and long directions. The results are compared with existing pion interferometry radii. We also make predictions for full LHC energy.
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