The design of load frequency control (LFC) for the hydro-hydro power system suffers from poor dynamic performance owing to large time constants associated with hydro power generations. The dynamic ...performance of the hydro-hydro power system can be improved using a thyristor control phase shifter (TCPS) and energy storage battery system. This paper presents a comprehensive study on LFC of an interconnected hydro-hydro power system having TCPS in series with the tie-line and redox flow battery (RBF) at the terminal of one area through few and available state technique, i.e. the output feedback technique. The LFC are designed with the help of few and available states and the performance is judged for typical demand change in the power system area and the results are matched with the LFC obtained via a technique that require all system states, i.e. full state feedback in order to justify the effectiveness of the designed LFC in terms of achieved feedback gains, eigenvalues and the dynamic system responses.
Abbreviations: AC: Alternating Current; BESS: Battery Energy Storage System; FACTS: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System; LFC: Load Frequency Control; RFB: Redox Flow Battery; SSSC: Static Synchronous Series Compensator; SMES: Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage; TCPS: Thyristor Control Phase Shifter; UPFC: Unified Power Flow Control
In the healthcare domain, a transformative shift is envisioned towards Healthcare 5.0. It expands the operational boundaries of Healthcare 4.0 and leverages patient-centric digital wellness. ...Healthcare 5.0 focuses on real-time patient monitoring, ambient control and wellness, and privacy compliance through assisted technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), Internet-of-Things (IoT), big data, and assisted networking channels. However, healthcare operational procedures, verifiability of prediction models, resilience, and lack of ethical and regulatory frameworks are potential hindrances to the realization of Healthcare 5.0. Recently, explainable AI (EXAI) has been a disruptive trend in AI that focuses on the explainability of traditional AI models by leveraging the decision-making of the models and prediction outputs. The explainability factor opens new opportunities to the black-box models and brings confidence in healthcare stakeholders to interpret the machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models. EXAI is focused on improving clinical health practices and brings transparency to the predictive analysis, which is crucial in the healthcare domain. Recent surveys on EXAI in healthcare have not significantly focused on the data analysis and interpretation of models, which lowers its practical deployment opportunities. Owing to the gap, the proposed survey explicitly details the requirements of EXAI in Healthcare 5.0, the operational and data collection process. Based on the review method and presented research questions, systematically, the article unfolds a proposed architecture that presents an EXAI ensemble on the computerized tomography (CT) image classification and segmentation process. A solution taxonomy of EXAI in Healthcare 5.0 is proposed, and operational challenges are presented. A supported case study on electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is presented that preserves the privacy of local models via federated learning (FL) and EXAI for metric validation. The case-study is supported through experimental validation. The analysis proves the efficacy of EXAI in health setups that envisions real-life model deployments in a wide range of clinical applications.
The most important requirement of the agrarian advancement is resilient nutrient source for agriculture without jeopardizing the environmental assets and economy of the country. An algal biorefinery ...approach is the prime requirement for the sustainable production of biodiesel and biofertilizers after remediation of wastewater. In the present study, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima, Scendesmus spp and Nostoc muscorum and their consortium were used for the biorefinery approach. C. minutissima has shown maximum phycoremediation potential when compared to other possible microalga and their consortium. Experimental results showed that removal of NH4+-N, NO3−-N, PO4−3-P, TDS, BOD5 and COD were found to be 92, 87, 85, 96, 90 and 81% respectively. The maximum dry biomass was observed in C. minutissima followed by Scendesmus spp, and N. muscorum, i.e., 0.45 ± 0.01 g L−1, 0.44 ± 0.02 g L−1, 0.14 ± 0.03 g L−1 respectively. The nutrient fraction of nitrogen and phosphorus were maximum in C. minutissima, i.e., 5.46 ± 0.27 and 0.85 ± 0.03 respectively. The lipid productivity recorded maximum in Scendesmus (81.23 ± 4.5 mg L−1) followed by N. muscorum (14.29 ± 8.7 mg L−1) and C. minutissima (11.33 ± 5.6 mg L−1). Using this biomass as manure one can save the chemical fertilizer of worth about 5584 $ (US Dollar) ha−1 yr−1. The present study not only supports the sustainable phytoremediation, biodiesel production, and organic manure utilization directly but indirectly to combat climate change scenario through minimizing greenhouse gases production.
•An algal biorefinery is the need for the biodiesel and biofertilizers.•C. minutissima is having best biofertilizers, biomass and lipids potential.•Biorefinery with a zero-waste concept will boost the economy and environment.•Biofertilizers promote organic farming and sustainable agriculture.•Assessment of the long-term biofertilizers potential of microalgal biomass.
With the looming expansion of the elderly population of the US, a thorough understanding of "normal" aging-related changes on the respiratory system is paramount. The respiratory system undergoes ...various anatomical, physiological and immunological changes with age. The structural changes include chest wall and thoracic spine deformities which impairs the total respiratory system compliance leading to increase work of breathing. The lung parenchyma loses its supporting structure causing dilation of air spaces: "senile emphysema". Respiratory muscle strength decreases with age and can impair effective cough, which is important for airway clearance. The lung matures by age 20-25 years, and thereafter aging is associated with progressive decline in lung function. The alveolar dead space increases with age, affecting arterial oxygen without impairing the carbon dioxide elimination. The airways receptors undergo functional changes with age and are less likely to respond to drugs used in younger counterparts to treat the same disorders. Older adults have decreased sensation of dyspnea and diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, making them more vulnerable to ventilatory failure during high demand states (ie, heart failure, pneumonia, etc) and possible poor outcomes.
Emerging evidence suggests that there is an increase in healthcare utilization (HCU) in patients due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the change in HCU pre and post ...hospitalization among patients discharged home from COVID-19 hospitalization for up to 9 months of follow up. This retrospective study from a United States cohort used Optum® de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart; it included adults discharged home post hospitalization with primary diagnosis of COVID-19 between April 2020 and March 2021. We evaluated HCU of patients 9 months pre and post -discharge from index hospitalization. We defined HCU as emergency department (ED), inpatient, outpatient (office), rehabilitation/skilled nursing facility (SNF), telemedicine visits, and length of stay, expressed as number of visits per 10,000 person-days. We identified 63,161 patients discharged home after COVID-19 hospitalization. The cohort of patients was mostly white (58.8%) and women (53.7%), with mean age 72.4 (SD± 12) years. These patients were significantly more likely to have increased HCU in the 9 months post hospitalization compared to the 9 months prior. Patients had a 47%, 67%, 65%, and 51% increased risk of ED (rate ratio 1.47; 95% CI 1.45-1.49; p < .0001), rehabilitation (rate ratio 1.67; 95% CI 1.61-1.73; p < .0001), office (rate ratio1.65; 95% CI 1.64-1.65; p < .0001), and telemedicine visits (rate ratio 1.5; 95% CI 1.48-1.54; p < .0001), respectively. We also found significantly different rates of HCU for women compared to men (women have higher risk of ED, rehabilitation, and telemedicine visits but a lower risk of inpatient visits, length of stay, and office visits than men) and for patients who received care in the intensive care unit (ICU) vs those who did not (ICU patients had increased risk of ED, inpatient, office, and telemedicine visits and longer length of stay but a lower risk of rehabilitation visits). Outpatient (office) visits were the highest healthcare service utilized post discharge (64.5% increase). Finally, the risk of having an outpatient visit to any of the specialties studied significantly increased post discharge. Interestingly, the risk of requiring a visit to pulmonary medicine was the highest amongst the specialties studied (rate ratio 3.35, 95% CI 3.26-3.45, p < .0001). HCU was higher after index hospitalization compared to 9 months prior among patients discharged home post-COVID-19 hospitalization. The increases in HCU may be driven by those patients who received care in the ICU.
Due to varying structure, random load demands, nonlinearities, parameters ambiguity, steadily escalating size and intricacy of the interconnected power system (IPS), automatic generation control ...(AGC) is treated as one of the biggest crucial issues in IPS. Hence, expert, intelligent and robust control scheme is indispensable for stable operation of IPS and supply of electricity under sudden load demand disturbances. In vision of this, in this work, a novel cascade fuzzy-proportional integral derivative incorporating filter (PIDN)-fractional order PIDN (FPIDN-FOPIDN) controller is offered as an expert control strategy to deal effectively with AGC issue of IPS. Imperialist competitive algorithm is prolifically utilized for optimizing the controller parameters. Initially, a two area non-reheat thermal IPS is studied in detail and next to attest the efficacy of the technique, the study is extended to realistic two-area multi-source thermal-hydro-gas and reheat thermal three-area systems. The prominent benefit of cascade FPIDN-FOPIDN strategy comprises its great lethargy to large load demands and its supremacy over various latest intelligent classical/fuzzy controllers. The control strategy beats several techniques concerning significant lesser settling time, oscillations, over/under shoots and different performance index values. Finally, a robustness investigation is performed in order to validate the robustness of the controller.
Industry 4.0 have witnessed a paradigm shift from cyber-physical systems (CPS) that aims at massive automation, to a more customer-driven approach. The shift has been attributed to the design of ...hyper-cognitive systems, integration of virtual and extended reality, digital machinery prototyping and twin designs, trusted machine boundaries, collaborative robots, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based supply chains. This new wave, termed Industry 5.0, is expected to leverage massive production with user-centric customization outside the scope of Industry 4.0 ecosystems. Industry 5.0 is expected to assist diverse industrial verticals like healthcare, smart farming, drones, smart grids, and supply chain production ecosystems. However, data is shared among multiple heterogeneous networks, spanning different authoritative domains. Thus, trusted and secured data transfer is crucial to synergize and secure the industrial perimeters. Blockchain (BC) is a preferred choice as a security enabler to Industry 5.0 ecosystems owing to its inherent property of immutability, chronology, and auditability in industrial systems. Limited works are proposed that present the vision and holistic view of BC-assisted Industry 5.0 applications. The article presents a first-of-its-kind survey on BC as a security enabler in Industry 5.0. Based on a descriptive survey methodology and research questions, we presented the key drivers, and potential applications, and propose an architectural vision of BC-based Industry 5.0 in diverse applicative verticals. The survey intends to present solutions that would assist industry practitioners, academicians, and researchers to drive novel BC-assisted solutions in Industry 5.0 verticals.
Background There is a growing understanding of the prevalence and impact of psychological disorders on COPD. However, the role of these disorders in early readmission is unclear. Methods We analyzed ...data from 5% fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with COPD ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code, 491.xx, 492.xx, 493.xx, and 496.xx) between 2001 and 2011 who were hospitalized with a primary discharge diagnosis of COPD or a primary discharge diagnosis of respiratory failure (518.xx and 799.1) with secondary diagnosis of COPD. We hypothesized that such psychological disorders as depression, anxiety, psychosis, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse are independently associated with an increased risk of 30-day readmission in patients hospitalized for COPD. Results Between 2001 and 2011, 135,498 hospitalizations occurred for COPD in 80,088 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries. Of these, 30,218 (22.30%) patients had one or more psychological disorders. In multivariate analyses, odds of 30-day readmission were higher in patients with COPD who had depression (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.29-1.39), anxiety (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.37-1.50), psychosis (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.27), alcohol abuse (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47), and drug abuse (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.11-1.50) compared with those who did not have these disorders. These psychological disorders increased amount of variation in 30-day readmission attributed to patient characteristics by 37%. Conclusions Psychological disorders like depression, anxiety, psychosis, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse are independently associated with higher all-cause 30-day readmission rates for Medicare beneficiaries with COPD.
Supply chain management (SCM) is a core corporate activity responsible for moving commodities and services from one point to another through a variety of stakeholders. The traditional SCM is based on ...a centralized approach managed at the central headquarter, and all other sub-offices get instructions from the main office. Some major issues with present SCM systems are security, transactional transparency, traceability, stakeholder involvement, product counterfeiting, additional delays, fraud, and instabilities. Blockchain (BC) emerges as a technology that can manage the data and build trust efficiently and transparently. It can also aid in transaction authorization and verification in the supply chain or payments without a third party. To address the present SCM issues, BC technology is a feasible solution. Motivated by the aforementioned considerations, in this paper, we present a survey on the adoption of BC in SCM. This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the literature on BC characteristics, implementations, and business consequences in various SCM. This Blockchain-centered study, in particular, discloses the research state and delineates future research directions by studying and analyzing 97 up-to-date publications highlighting BC's supply chain uses. Transparency and traceability, information sharing, product anti-counterfeiting, and building trust are the major aspects propelling BC's implementation in SCM. Further, we analyzed various applications of SCM in which BC can be used as a probable technology to secure all transactions. Then, we have highlighted open issues and research challenges for adopting BC technology in SCM that open the doors for beginners eager to start work in this amazing area.
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