Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) has been implicated in several oncogenic processes. The aim of this study was to determine PTTG expression in brain tumors.
We investigated 88 benign and ...malignant brain tumors. PTTG immunoexpression was evaluated using a scale of 0 to 3. PTTG immunoexpression was nuclear and cytoplasmic in most tumors, except for medulloblastomas and hemangiopericytomas. Expression was highest in medulloblastomas. Higher grade gliomas including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) IV and astrocytoma III had the highest level of PTTG expression, whereas low-grade gliomas had the lowest levels of PTTG expression. Hemangiopericytomas had the lowest levels of PTTG immunoreactivity, with meningiomas and schwannomas exhibiting similarly low PTTG levels. Nuclear PTTG immunoreactivity was higher than cytoplasmic in higher-grade tumors.
Our results indicate that PTTG immunoexpression is higher in aggressive brain tumors including medulloblastomas, GBM IV, and astrocytoma III, whereas in more benign tumors, PTTG immunoexpression is lower.
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The mitochondria, the major powerhouse for cellular functions, are predominantly ovoid or rod‐shaped cytoplasmic organelles enclosed by double outer membrane. The cristae, are formed by ...the infoldings of the inner membranes. Morphologic variations in size, shape, number of cristae exist, attuned to the function of the resident organ. Specific ultrastructural features characteristic of certain tumor types may occur. Such mitochondrial alterations were recorded by EM in more than 5000 various types of surgically removed pituitary adenomas. Changes are chiefly quantitative: A) size and density of internal structures (large/small; active/functionally suppressed prolactinoma); B) increase in number, i.e. oncocytic change. Generally occurring within the endocrine system owing to functional decline. Most prevalent in gonadotroph adenomas lineage. Specific alterations: A) giant mitochondria: specific marker of acidophil stem cell adenoma. With preservation of the double membranes, progressive enlargement and disappearance of the internal compartment and occurrence of unidentified tubular structures take place; B) Mitochondrial enlargement and homogenization of the entire internal compartment evident only in gonadotroph adenoma. C) Close spatial association of mitochondria and RER. It occurs only in silent adenoma subtype 3. The specific alterations may be used as ultrastructural markers.
Angiogenesis is a crucial event in tumor growth, invasion and development of metastasis. Endoglin (CD‐105), a disulfide‐linked homodimeric cell membrane glycoprotein of 180 kDa, located on chromosome ...9q and binds to several components of the TGF beta family. In contrast to other endothelial cell markers, endoglin can be demonstrated only in proliferating endothelial cells. We investigated endoglin immunoexpression in various surgically removed human pituitary tumor types and compared the results with CD‐34 immunoexpression. For immunohistochemistry, the streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method was used and the number of vessels were counted in 10 low power fields. Results show that endoglin immunostains fewer vessels than CD‐34 in every pituitary adenoma type. The number of endoglin immunopositive vessels is highest in untreated prolactinomas and subtype 3 silent pituitary adenomas and lowest in subtype 1 silent corticotroph adenomas and GH adenomas exposed to somatostatin analogs and prolactinomas exposed to dopamine agonists. Our findings are consistent with the view that endoglin is upregulated in proliferating endothelial cells and its expression can be used as an indicator of vascular neoformation in pituitary tumors. The low levels of endoglin expression in pituitary tumors exposed to somatostatin or dopamine agonists suggests that these therapeutic drugs can inhibit angiogenesis.
Objective： To determine the clinical serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA） and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 （CA19-9）, individually and in combination, for the diagnosis of 50 healthy subjects ...and 150 cases of esophageal, gastric, and colon cancers. Methods： The sensitivities of the two markers were compared individually and in combination, with specificity set at 100%. Receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were plotted. Results： Serum CEA levels were significantly higher in cancer patients than in the control group. The sensitivity of CEA was determined： in esophageal cancer, sensitivity=28%, negative predictive value （NPV）=61.72%, and AUC=0.742 （SE=0.05）, with a significance level of P〈0.0001; in gastric cancer, sensitivity=30%, NPV=58.82%, and AUC=0.734 （SE=0.0S）, with a significance level of P〈0.0001; in colon cancer, sensitivity=74%, NPV=79.36%, and AUC=0.856 （SE=0.04）, with a significance level of P〈0.0001. The sensitivity of CA19-9 was also evaluated： in esophageal cancer, sensitivity=18%, NPV=54.94%, and AUC=0.573 （SE=0.05）, with a significance level of P=0.2054. In gastric cancer, sensitivity=42%, NPV=63.29%, and AUC=0.679 （SE=0.05）, with a significance level of P〈0.0011. In colon cancer, sensitivity=26%, NPV=57.47%, and AUC=0.S80 （SE=0.05）, with a significance level ofP=0.1670. The following were the sensitivities of CEA/CA19-9 combined： in esophageal cancer, sensitivity=42%, NPV=63.29%, SE=0.078 （95% CI： 0.0159-0.322）; gastric cancer, sensitivity=S8%, NPV=70.42%, SE=0.072 （9$% CI： -0.0866-0.198）; and colon cancer, sensitivity=72%, NPV=78.12%, SE=0.070 （9S% CI： 0.137-0.415）. Conclusion： CEA exhibited the highest sensitivity for colon cancer, and CA19-9 exhibited the highest sensitivity for gastric cancer. Combined analysis indicated an increase in diagnostic sensitivity in esophageal and gastric cancer compared with that in colon cancer.
In several emerging fields or domains, machine intelligence, the Internet of Things, RFID, and WSN have emerged as leaders in research and development. Massive amounts of data are available for ...removal from the wonderful city application. These data sets, applications, and devices will be combined and sorted. This paper demoralized on man-made intelligence to motivate the execution of artificial intelligence, IoT, WSN and RFID empowered Brilliant City Structures; Layers and conventions applied and conveyed in smart urban areas and their exploration in view of IoT, WSN, and RFID permitted tech savvy city applications. RFID technology, IoT, WSN, and computer-based intelligence Astute urban neighborhoods While the system, layers, and conventions are able to identify and track devices, WSNs work together to collect and transmit data from arranged sensor nodes. This means that RFID systems with differentiating proof capabilities must be modified to detect and record phases and to be viewed as remotely associated sensor label designs. This, together with more recent developments in WSNs and the synchronization of these developments, has enabled the development of outstanding IoT applications. Additionally, two important IoT themes are explored: integrating wearable and hearable sensors to power wearable and RFID applications, and connecting RFID and WSNs to enhance their benefits and alleviate their shortcomings.
Objective
MGMT expression in brain and pituitary tumors has been correlated with temozolomide treatment. Few medical therapies are available in patients with Nelson Syndrome. The aim of the present ...study was to assess immunohistochemical expression of MGMT in ACTH‐secreting pituitary adenomas in patients with Nelson Syndrome.
Methods
Our material consisted of specimens from ACTH‐secreting pituitary adenomas from patients with Nelson Syndrome. Immunohistochemical staining for MGMT was performed using the streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method. MGMT immunoreactivity was assessed microscopically and recorded as an estimated percentage of nuclear MGMT immunopositivity. (0=none, 1=<10%, 3=<50%, 4=>50%)
Results
Male:Female ratio was 3:5, with average patient age being 62 (range 57–66). Five of the eight specimens (65%) exhibited no MGMT immunoreactivity, with two out of eight cases (25%) showing slight MGMT immunopositivity and one out of eight cases (12%) demonstrating moderate MGMT immunopositivity (<25%).
Conclusions
Temozolomide therapy may be useful in patients with Nelson Syndrome. Absent or low MGMT staining in brain and other neoplasms has been shown to correlate with successful treatment with temozolomide, and recent reports assessing aggressive pituitary adenomas suggest similar outcome.
Abstract only
Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) plays a role in many cellular processes. PTTG overexpression is seen in several tumor types and correlates with survival time/recurrence. We ...evaluated PTTG expression in various types of brain tumors (n=94). Immunohistochemistry was performed using a monoclonal PTTG antibody (DCS‐280, Abcam;Cambridge, MA) and the streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method. The intensity of PTTG immunoreactivity was evaluated semi‐quantitatively on a 0‐4 scale. PTTG expression was evident in most tumor cells and was predominantly nuclear. In glial tumors, PTTG immunoreactivity was higher in glioblastomas (IV), anaplastic oligoastrocytomas (III), anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (III), oligoastrocytomas (II), oligodendrogliomas (II), and pilocytic astrocytomas (I) (range: 3.1–3.5), whereas notably lower PTTG was seen in myxopapillary ependymomas (I) and ependymomas (II) (1.5 & 1.6). In non‐glial tumors, hemangiopericytomas and schwannomas had higher PTTG score (3.4), than meningiomas (2.3). Thus, it appears that PTTG expression is not associated with tumor grade, but rather with tumor type, the most striking difference being between ependymomas and other glial tumors. PTTG may be a valuable therapy target in some brain tumors.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank the Jarislowsky Foundation and the Lloyd‐Carr‐Harris Foundation for their generous support.
MGMT expression in tumors has been correlated with response to treatment with temozolomide therapy. Few medical therapies are available for Nelson syndrome, and the efficacy of such therapeutics ...remains limited. The aim of the present study was to assess immunohistochemical expression of MGMT in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas of patients with Nelson syndrome. Our material consisted of eight specimens from ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas of patients with Nelson syndrome. Immunohistochemical staining for MGMT was performed using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. MGMT immunoreactivity was assessed microscopically and recorded as an estimated percentage of nuclear MGMT immunostaining (0 = none, 1 = <10%, 2 = <25%, 3 = <50%, 4=>50%). Five of the eight specimens (65%) exhibited no MGMT immunoreactivity, with two out of eight cases (25%) showing slight MGMT staining (<10%) and one out of eight cases (12%) demonstrating moderate MGMT positivity (<25%). Patient male/female ratio was 3:5, with average patient age being 62.4 (range 57-66). Our findings suggest that temozolomide therapy may be of potential use in patients with Nelson syndrome, as these tumors express absent/low levels of MGMT. Absent or low MGMT staining in brain and other neoplasms has been shown to correlate with successful treatment with temozolomide, and recent reports of aggressive pituitary adenomas suggest similar outcomes.
We present the spatially resolved measurements of a cool galactic outflow in
the gravitationally lensed galaxy RCS0327 at $z \approx 1.703$ using VLT/MUSE
IFU observations. We probe the cool ...outflowing gas, traced by blueshifted Mg II
and Fe II absorption lines, in 15 distinct regions of the same galaxy in its
image-plane. Different physical regions, 5 to 7 kpc apart within the galaxy,
drive the outflows at different velocities ($V_{out} \sim $ $-161$ to $-240$ km
s$^{-1}$), and mass outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{out} \sim$ 183 to 527 $M_{\odot}\
yr^{-1}$). The outflow velocities from different regions of the same galaxy
vary by 80 km s$^{-1}$, which is comparable to the variation seen in a large
sample of star-burst galaxies in the local Universe. Using multiply lensed
images of RCS0327, we probe the same star-forming region at different spatial
scales (0.5 kpc$^2$-25 kpc$^2$), we find that outflow velocities vary between $
\sim $ $-120$ to $-242$ km s$^{-1}$, and the mass outflow rates vary between
$\sim$ 37 to 254 $M_{\odot}\ yr^{-1}$. The outflow momentum flux in this galaxy
is $\geq$ 100% of the momentum flux provided by star-formation in individual
regions, and outflow energy flux is $\approx$ 10% of the total energy flux
provided by star-formation. These estimates suggest that the outflow in RCS0327
is energy driven. This work shows the importance of small scale variations of
outflow properties due to the variations of local stellar properties of the
host galaxy in the context of galaxy evolution.
We present a pixelized source reconstruction method applied on Integral Field
Spectroscopic (IFS) observations of gravitationally lensed galaxies. We
demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in a ...case study on the clumpy
morphology of a $z \sim 2$ lensed galaxy behind a group-scale lens. We use a
Bayesian forward source modelling approach to reconstruct the surface
brightness distribution of the source galaxy on a uniformly pixelized grid
while accounting for the image point spread function (PSF). The pixelated
approach is sensitive to clump sizes down to 100 pc and resolves smaller clump
sizes with an improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) by almost a factor
of ten compared with more traditional ray-tracing approaches.
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