Chemotherapy is widely used to treat cancer. The toxic effect of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs on healthy cells leads to serious toxic and side effects of conventional chemotherapy. The ...application of nanotechnology in tumor chemotherapy can increase the specificity of anticancer agents, increase the killing effect of tumors, and reduce toxic and side effects. Currently, a variety of formulations based on nanoparticles (NPs) for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs have been put into clinical use, and several others are in the stage of development or clinical trials. In this review, after briefly introducing current cancer chemotherapeutic methods and their limitations, we describe the clinical applications and advantages and disadvantages of several different types of NPs-based chemotherapeutic agents. We have summarized a lot of information in tables and figures related to the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs based on NPs and the design of NPs with active targeting capabilities.
Most patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with palliative therapy, which had a poor curative effect and a short survival time. In recent years, the clinical research of immune ...checkpoint inhibitors in advanced gastric cancer has made a breakthrough and has become an important treatment for advanced gastric cancer. The modes of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer include single drug, combined chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and multiple immune drug combination therapy, among which combination therapy shows better clinical efficacy, and a large number of trials are currently exploring more effective combination therapy programs. In this paper, the new clinical research progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer is reviewed, with an emphasis on combination therapy.
In recent years, China's science and technology has developed rapidly. The coverage of communication networks is gradually expanding. This article understands the basic health status of college ...students through big data statistics. Excessive reliance on the Internet and electronic products make many college students unwilling to leave the dormitory and step into the playground to exercise. This article establishes a sports health model based on the health status of female college students, and provides design basis for later college student health model system according to the model. It takes weight as a measurement standard, and analyzes from the aspects of calorie absorption and consumption. Then it can get the required value through programming. Under the premise of not harming the body, the article makes a reasonable exercise plan for college students by controlling calories absorbed, exercise methods and exercise time per week. It aims to achieve the goal of reducing weight and maintaining physical health.
In this paper, we study the minimax optimization problem that is nonconvex in one variable and linear in the other variable, which is a special case of nonconvex-concave minimax problem, which has ...attracted significant attention lately due to their applications in modern machine learning tasks, signal processing and many other fields. We propose a new alternating gradient projection algorithm and prove that it can find an
ε
-first-order stationary solution within
O
ε
-
3
projected gradient step evaluations. Moreover, we apply it to solve the weighted maximin dispersion problem and the numerical results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of ...construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
The increasing demand for environmental protection has led to the rapid development of greener and biodegradable polymers, whose creation provided new challenges and opportunities for the advancement ...of nanomaterial science. Biodegradable polymer materials and even nanofillers (e.g., natural fibers) are important because of their application in greener industries. Polymers that can be degraded naturally play an important role in solving public hazards of polymer materials and maintaining ecological balance. The inherent shortcomings of some biodegradable polymers such as weak mechanical properties, narrow processing windows, and low electrical and thermal properties can be overcome by composites reinforced with various nanofillers. These biodegradable polymer composites have wide-ranging applications in different areas based on their large surface area and greater aspect ratio. Moreover, the polymer composites that exploit the synergistic effect between the nanofiller and the biodegradable polymer matrix can lead to enhanced properties while still meeting the environmental requirement. In this paper, a broad review on recent advances in the research and development of nanofiller reinforced biodegradable polymer composites that are used in various applications, including electronics, packing materials, and biomedical uses, is presented. We further present information about different kinds of nanofillers, biodegradable polymer matrixes, and their composites with specific concern to our daily applications.
Understanding and mastering the structural evolution of water oxidation electrocatalysts lays the foundation to finetune their catalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate that surface reconstruction ...of spinel oxides originates from the metal-oxygen covalency polarity in the M
-O-M
backbone. A stronger M
-O covalency relative to M
-O covalency is found beneficial for a more thorough reconstruction towards oxyhydroxides. The structure-reconstruction relationship allows precise prediction of the reconstruction ability of spinel pre-catalysts, based on which the reconstruction degree towards the in situ generated oxyhydroxides can be controlled. The investigations of oxyhydroxides generated from spinel pre-catalysts with the same reconstruction ability provide guidelines to navigate the cation selection in spinel pre-catalysts design. This work reveals the fundamentals for manipulating the surface reconstruction of spinel pre-catalysts for water oxidation.
Adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery has become an integral part of the treatment of breast cancer. In recent years, the development of radiotherapy technology has made great ...progress in this field, including the comparison of the curative effects of various radiotherapy techniques and the performance of the segmentation times. The choice of radiotherapy technology needs to be co-determined by clinical evidence practice and evaluated for each individual patient to achieve precision radiotherapy. This article discusses the treatment effects of different radiotherapy, techniques, the risk of second cancers and short-range radiation therapy techniques after breast-conserving surgery such as hypo fractionated whole breast irradiation and accelerated partial breast irradiation. The choice of radiotherapy regimen needs to be based on the individual condition of the patient, and the general principle is to focus on the target area and reduce the irradiation of the normal tissues and organs. Short-range radiotherapy and hypofractionated are superior to conventional radiotherapy and are expected to become the mainstream treatment after breast-conserving surgery.
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•Inhibition of TRPV4 channels promoted the neuronal survival after ICH.•TRPV4 channels triggered Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum.•Blocking TRPV4 receptors ...inhibited PERK−CHOP-Bcl-2 signaling pathway.•ICH recruited inositol triphosphate receptors into the TRPV4 protein complex.
Individuals with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) suffer varying degrees of neurological dysfunction as a result of neuronal apoptosis, and thus, maintenance of neuronal survival may be crucial to prevent ICH brain injury. Here, we report that the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) was upregulated in mouse neurons after ICH. The selective TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790 A aggravated neuronal death whereas the TRPV4 antagonist HC-067047 promoted neuronal survival after ICH. We found that GSK1016790 A triggered Ca2+ signals that were amplified and propagated by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the neurons. ICH recruited inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) into the TRPV4 protein complex, which positively regulated the activity of TRPV4 channels. Excessive activation of TRPV4 channels destroyed Ca2+ homeostasis and induced ER unfolded protein response (UPR). Blocking TRPV4 receptors decreased UPR, inhibited the PERK−CHOP-Bcl-2 signaling pathway and increased neuron survival. Overall, these results suggested that overactivation of TRPV4 channels after ICH ledto the destruction of Ca2+ homeostasis, which in turn caused UPR and neural apoptosis. Inhibition of TRPV4 channels is a promising therapy to promote neurons recover, and to ameliorate disability after ICH.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease featuring social interaction deficits and repetitive/stereotyped behaviours; the prevalence of this disorder has continuously increased. ...Progranulin (PGRN) is a neurotrophic factor that promotes neuronal survival and differentiation. However, there have not been sufficient studies investigating its effect in animal models of autism. This study investigated the effects of PGRN on autistic phenotypes in rats treated with valproic acid (VPA) and assessed the underlying molecular mechanisms. PGRN was significantly downregulated in the cerebellum at postnatal day 14 (PND14) and PND35 in VPA-exposed rats, which simultaneously showed defective social preference, increased repetitive behaviours, and uncoordinated movements. When human recombinant PGRN (r-PGRN) was injected into the cerebellum of newborn ASD model rats (PND10 and PND17), some of the behavioural defects were alleviated. r-PGRN supplementation also reduced cerebellar neuronal apoptosis and rescued synapse formation in ASD rats. Mechanistically, we confirmed that PGRN protects neurodevelopment via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway in the cerebellum of a rat ASD model. Moreover, we found that prosaposin (PSAP) promoted the internalisation and neurotrophic activity of PGRN. These results experimentally demonstrate the therapeutic effects of PGRN on a rat model of ASD for the first time and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for autism.
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