We report on the discovery and analysis of bursts from nine new repeating fast radio burst (FRB) sources found using the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) telescope. These ...sources span a dispersion measure (DM) range of 195-1380 pc cm−3. We detect two bursts from three of the new sources, three bursts from four of the new sources, four bursts from one new source, and five bursts from one new source. We determine sky coordinates of all sources with uncertainties of ∼10′. We detect Faraday rotation measures (RMs) for two sources, with values −20(1) and −499.8(7) rad m−2, that are substantially lower than the RM derived from bursts emitted by FRB 121102. We find that the DM distribution of our events, combined with the nine other repeaters discovered by CHIME/FRB, is indistinguishable from that of thus far non-repeating CHIME/FRB events. However, as previously reported, the burst widths appear statistically significantly larger than the thus far non-repeating CHIME/FRB events, further supporting the notion of inherently different emission mechanisms and/or local environments. These results are consistent with previous work, though are now derived from 18 repeating sources discovered by CHIME/FRB during its first year of operation. We identify candidate galaxies that may contain FRB 190303.J1353+48 (DM = 222.4 pc cm−3).
Abstract
Fast radio burst (FRB) source FRB 20180916B exhibits a 16.33-day periodicity in its burst activity. It is as of yet unclear what proposed mechanism produces the activity, but polarization ...information is a key diagnostic. Here we report on the polarization properties of 44 bursts from FRB 20180916B detected between 2018 December and 2021 December by CHIME/FRB, the FRB project on the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment. In contrast to previous observations, we find significant variations in the Faraday rotation measure (RM) of FRB 20180916B. Over the 9-month period 2021 April and 2021 December we observe an apparent secular increase in RM of ∼50 rad m
−2
(a fractional change of over 40%) that is accompanied by a possible drift of the emitting band to lower frequencies. This interval displays very little variation in the dispersion measure (ΔDM ≲ 0.8 pc cm
−3
), which indicates that the observed RM evolution is likely produced from coherent changes in the Faraday-active medium’s magnetic field. Burst-to-burst RM variations appear unrelated to the activity cycle phase. The degree of linear polarization of our burst sample (≳80%) is consistent with the negligible depolarization expected for this source in the 400–800 MHz bandpass of CHIME. FRB 20180916B joins other repeating FRBs in displaying substantial RM evolution. This is consistent with the notion that repeater progenitors may be associated with young stellar populations by their preferential occupation of dynamic magnetized environments commonly found in supernova remnants, in pulsar wind nebulae, or near high-mass stellar companions.
The relaxation mechanism of the overtone bending vibration in the collision of the water dimer with the vibrationally excited hydroxyl radical is studied by use of trajectory procedures. The transfer ...of the OH(v = 1) energy to the dimer stretches is followed by a near-resonant first overtone transition to the donor monomer. Nearly a quarter of the trajectories undergo a complex-mode collision, forming the (H2O)2···OH complex bound by a hydrogen bond with the lifetime ranging from a subpicosecond scale to >100 ps. The overtone vibration relaxes to the ground state, transferring approximately half of its energy to the dimer hydrogen-bonding (H2O···H2O) and the remaining half to the complex hydrogen-bonding (H2O)2···OH, via near-resonant pathways, each consisting of a series of intermolecular low-frequency vibrations.
Oral mucosa provides the first line of defense against a diverse array of environmental and microbial irritants by forming the barrier of epithelial cells interconnected by multiprotein tight ...junctions (TJ), adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junction complexes. Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), an epithelial-specific transcription factor, may play a role in the formation of the mucosal epithelial barrier, as it regulates the expression of the junction proteins. The current study investigated the role of GRHL2 in the Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)–induced impairment of epithelial barrier functions. Exposure of human oral keratinocytes (HOK-16B and OKF6 cells) to Pg or Pg-derived lipopolysaccharides (Pg LPSs) led to rapid loss of endogenous GRHL2 and the junction proteins (e.g., zonula occludens, E-cadherin, claudins, and occludin). GRHL2 directly regulated the expression levels of the junction proteins and the epithelial permeability for small molecules (e.g., dextrans and Pg bacteria). To explore the functional role of GRHL2 in oral mucosal barrier, we used a Grhl2 conditional knockout (KO) mouse model, which allows for epithelial tissue-specific Grhl2 KO in an inducible manner. Grhl2 KO impaired the expression of the junction proteins at the junctional epithelium and increased the alveolar bone loss in the ligature-induced periodontitis model. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed increased epithelial penetration of oral bacteria in Grhl2 KO mice compared with the wild-type mice. Also, blood loadings of oral bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides, Bacillus, Firmicutes, β-proteobacteria, and Spirochetes) were significantly elevated in Grhl2 KO mice compared to the wild-type littermates. These data indicate that Pg bacteria may enhance paracellular penetration through oral mucosa in part by targeting the expression of GRHL2 in the oral epithelial cells, which then impairs the epithelial barrier by inhibition of junction protein expression, resulting in increased alveolar tissue destruction and systemic bacteremia.
The effects of the surface energy of polymer gate dielectrics on pentacene morphology and the electrical properties of pentacene field‐effect transistors (FETs) are reported, using ...surface‐energy‐controllable poly(imide‐siloxane)s as gate‐dielectric layers. The surface energy of gate dielectrics strongly influences the pentacene film morphology and growth mode, producing Stranski–Krastanov growth with large and dendritic grains at high surface energy and three‐dimensional island growth with small grains at low surface energy. In spite of the small grain size (≈ 300 nm) and decreased ordering of pentacene molecules vertical to the gate dielectric with low surface energy, the mobility of FETs with a low‐surface‐energy gate dielectric is larger by a factor of about five, compared to their high‐surface‐energy counterparts. In pentacene growth on the low‐surface‐energy gate dielectric, interconnection between grains is observed and gradual lateral growth of grains causes the vacant space between grains to be filled. Hence, the higher mobility of the FETs with low‐surface‐energy gate dielectrics can be achieved by interconnection and tight packing between pentacene grains. On the other hand, the high‐surface‐energy dielectric forms the first pentacene layer with some voids and then successive, incomplete layers over the first, which can limit the transport of charge carriers and cause lower carrier mobility, in spite of the formation of large grains (≈ 1.3 μm) in a thicker pentacene film.
Poly(imide‐siloxane)s with controllable surface energy are used as gate dielectrics to investigate the effects on pentacene morphology and field‐effect‐ transistor characteristics. Three‐dimensional growth of pentacene and interconnection between pentacene grains is observed on a low‐surface‐energy dielectric (see Figure, width = 2.5 μm), leading to a high‐mobility pentacene field‐effect transistor.
Regulation of gene transcription via the cAMP-mediated second messenger pathway has been implicated in the actions of antidepressant drugs, but studies to date have not demonstrated such an effect in ...vivo. To directly study the regulation of cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated gene transcription by antidepressants, transgenic mice with a CRE-LacZ reporter gene construct were administered one of three different classes of antidepressants: a norepinephrine selective reuptake inhibitor (desipramine), a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine), or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine). Chronic, but not acute, administration of these antidepressants significantly increased CRE-mediated gene transcription, as well as the phosphorylation of CRE binding protein (CREB), in several limbic brain regions thought to mediate the action of antidepressants, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that chronic antidepressant treatment induces CRE-mediated gene expression in a neuroanatomically differentiated pattern and further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of these widely used therapeutic agents.
Trajectory procedures are used to study the collision between the vibrationally excited H2O and the ground-state (H2O)2 with particular reference to energy transfer to the hydrogen bond through the ...inter- and intramolecular pathways. In nearly 98% of the trajectories, energy transfer processes occur on a subpicosecond scale (≤0.7 ps). The H2O transfers approximately three-quarters of its excitation energy to the OH stretches of the dimer. The first step of the intramolecular pathway in the dimer involves a near-resonant first overtone transition from the OH stretch to the bending mode. The energy transfer probability in the presence of the 1:2 resonance is 0.61 at 300 K. The bending mode then redistributes its energy to low-frequency intermolecular vibrations in a series of small excitation steps, with the pathway which results in the hydrogen-bonding modes gaining most of the available energy. The hydrogen bonding in ∼50% of the trajectories ruptures on vibrational excitation, leaving one quantum in the bend of the monomer fragment. In a small fraction of trajectories, the duration of collision is longer than 1 ps, during which the dimer and H2O form a short-lived complex through a secondary hydrogen bond, which undergoes large amplitude oscillations.
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