This paper presents a simulation technique for optimizing a hydrogen integration network. By applying this technique, the minimum fresh hydrogen consumption can be determined. Quantitative ...relationship between sources and sinks streams were studied to get the flow rates of coupled source and sink, hydrogen consumption and hydrogen concentration in each stream. The introduced technique was applied on twelve sources and twelve sinks with any purity of hydrogen concentration. The hydrogen integration network was designed through two steps, the first step considers applying the data given in the LINGO program, while the second step considers using the LINGO results in the introduced excel program to obtain the retrofitted hydrogen integration network. The proposed technique was applied on several case studies to achieve the minimum consumption of fresh hydrogen for the obtained hydrogen integrated networks. The introduced model for simulation and retrofitting of mass exchange networks is easy to understand and the results showed that this model is more efficient for fertilizer, petrochemical and refinery plants.
The restricted concave kite five-body problem is a problem in which four positive masses, called the primaries, rotate in the concave kite configuration with a mass at the center of the triangle ...formed by three of the primaries. The fifth body has negligible mass and does not influence the motion of the four primaries. It is assumed that the fifth mass is in the same plane of the primaries and that the masses of the primaries are m1, m2, m3, and m4, respectively. Three different types of concave kite configurations are considered based on the masses of the primaries. In case I, one pair of primaries has equal masses; in case II, two pairs of primaries have equal masses; in case III, three of the primaries have equal masses. For all three cases, the regions of central configuration are obtained using both analytical and numerical techniques. The existence and uniqueness of equilibrium positions of the infinitesimal mass are investigated in the gravitational field of the four primaries. It is numerically confirmed that none of the equilibrium points are linearly stable. The Jacobian constant C is used to investigate the regions of possible motion of the infinitesimal mass.
The structural, electronic and optical properties of the Li
2
In
2
XY
6
(X = Si, Ge; Y = S, Se) compounds, which are scarcely studied by theoretical methods previously, have been investigated by
ab ...initio
calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) in this article by using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. The equilibrium structural ground state properties of the Li
2
In
2
XY
6
(X = Si, Ge; Y = S, Se) compounds such as the lattice parameters were obtained from the structural optimization process (with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation), and they are in close agreement with the experimental lattice parameters. Conversely, calculations by the modified Becke Johnson exchange potential indicates that the Li
2
In
2
XY
6
(X = Si, Ge; Y = S, Se) compounds are semiconductors with direct energy band gaps. It is clearly observed from the DFT-calculated partial density of states, that there are significant contributions of the S-
s
and S-
p
states in the Li
2
In
2
SiS
6
and Li
2
In
2
GeS
6
compounds as well as the Se-
s
and Se-
p
states in the Li
2
In
2
SiSe
6
and Li
2
In
2
GeSe
6
compounds, respectively. The calculated band gaps ranging from 1.92 eV to 3.24 eV of the Li
2
In
2
XY
6
(X = Si, Ge; Y = S, Se) compounds are in good agreement with the experimental results, where the calculated band gap values are positioned in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum; therefore, these materials can be efficiently used for opto-electronic and optical applications. Furthermore, some general trends are observed in the optical responses of the compounds, which are possibly correlated to the energy band gaps when the X cations changes from Si to Ge and the Y anions changes from S to Se in the Li
2
In
2
XY
6
(X = Si, Ge; Y = S, Se) compounds, respectively.
•Sm3+ doped telluro-germinate glasses were synthesized by traditional melt quenching method.•J-O (Ωλ) parameters for all concentration of Sm2O3 were analyzed.•Glass samples emit orange light under ...404-nm excitation.•The CCT values obtained from CIE for these glass samples shows 1621.06 K.
Glasses with compositions TeO2-BaO-Li2O-GeO2:Sm2O3 were prepared by melt-quenching technique and labeled by TBaLG-Sm. In this study, we report their radiative, physical, optical and luminescence properties. In the emission spectra, four emission peaks were observed at 563 nm, 599 nm, 645 nm, 707 nm wavelengths with corresponding transitions as 4G5/2→6H5/2, 4G5/2→6H7/2, 4G5/2→6H9/2 and 4G5/2→6H11/2, respectively. Up to 1.0 mol% of Sm3+-ion concentration the emission intensity increases, followed by decreasing with further increasing Sm3+-ion content. A non-radiative energy transfer via cross-relaxation channels between Sm-Sm ions is the main cause of decrease in emission intensity. Computing from the absorption and emission spectra, the Judd-Ofelt parameters, radiation transition probability, spectroscopic quality factors and emission cross section were evaluated. The color coordinates of all samples lie in the orange region of the Commission International de lˊEclairage diagram. The large values of branching ratios and stimulated emission cross-section reveal that the studied glass con be used as a lasing material and a lighting device.
In this study, XLPE electrical breakdown depending on insulation thickness is analyzed by simulations and experiments. The bipolar space charge and molecular chain displacement models are ...investigated to explain the experimental results. The results from experiments indicate that the electrical DC breakdown field decreases with increasing insulation thickness. For simulations, carrier mobility and trapping parameters are obtained from experiments. The simulation results of both models present an inverse power relationship between the DC breakdown strength and insulation thickness. The simulation results of molecular chain mobility model show consistency with experimental results as compared to a bipolar space charge model. The movement of polymer chain containing deep traps expands the free volume and this enlargement in free volume can be a major reason for the variation in the DC electrical breakdown strength of XLPE with insulation thickness.
Poly(carboxybetaine) (pCB) hydrogels do not elicit a foreign body response due to their low-fouling properties, making them ideal implantable materials for in vivo drug and cell delivery. Current ...reported pCB hydrogels are cross-linked using cytotoxic UV-initiated radical polymerization limiting clinical and in vivo translation. For clinical translation, we require in situ and biorthogonal cross-linking of pCB hydrogels that are both low-fouling and low-swelling to limit nonspecific interactions and minimize tissue damage, respectively. To this end, we synthesized carboxybetaine (CB) random copolymers (molecular weight (MW): ∼7–33 kDa; Đ: 1.1–1.36) containing azide (pCB-azide) or strained alkyne (Dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO); pCB-DBCO) that rapidly cross-link upon mixing. Unlike CB homopolymers and other CB copolymers studied, high DBCO content pCB-DBCO30 (30% DBCO mole fraction) is thermoresponsive with a upper critical solution temperature (UCST; cloud point of ∼20 °C at 50 g/L) in water due to electrostatic associations. Due to the antipolyelectrolyte effect, pCB-DBCO30 is salt-responsive and is soluble even at low temperatures in 5 M NaCl, which prevents zwitterion electrostatic associations. pCB-azide and pCB-DBCO with 0.05 to 0.16 cross-linker mole fractions rapidly formed 10 wt % hydrogels upon mixing that were low-swelling (increase of ∼10% in wet weight) while remaining low-fouling to proteins (∼10–20 μg cm–2) and cells, making them suitable for in vivo applications. pCB-X31 hydrogels composed of pCB-azide32 and pCB-DBCO30 formed opaque gels in water and physiological conditions that shrunk to ∼70% of their original wet weight due to pCB-DBCO30’s greater hydrophobicity and interchain electrostatic interactions, which promotes nonspecific protein adsorption (∼35 μg cm–2) and cell binding. Once formed, the electrostatic interactions in pCB-X31 hydrogels are not fully reversible with heat or salt. Although, pCB-X31 hydrogels are transparent when initially prepared in 5 M NaCl. This is the first demonstration of a thermo- and salt-responsive CB copolymer that can tune hydrogel protein and cell fouling properties.
Bioconvection is a fascinating phenomenon observed in various biological systems, where the motion of motile microorganisms generates fluid flow patterns. This article explores the occurrence and ...characteristics of bioconvection within the context of a jet flow. The study of bioconvection in jet flow involves the interaction between motile microorganisms and the fluid dynamics of the surrounding medium. Microorganisms such as bacteria and algae are known to exhibit directed swimming behavior, which can lead to the formation of dynamic flow structures. Investigating the mechanisms underlying bioconvection in jet flow requires a multidisciplinary approach encompassing fluid dynamics, microbial ecology, and mathematical modeling. Experimental techniques, such as microscopy and particle image velocimetry, along with computational simulations, are employed to analyze the complex interactions between microorganisms and the fluid flow. In this regard, a supportive mathematical model is designed using partial differential equations (PDEs) which are later transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The resulting system of equations is solved using the RKF-45 method and the outcomes are recorded in tables and graphs. The consideration of thermophoresis has shown a significant impact on the heat and mass transfer of the jet flow and both these profiles are observed to increase with thermophoresis. Meanwhile, the Schmidt number decrease their respective mass profiles. Furthermore, the porosity is found to create a drag force which tends to oppose the fluid flow.
The research work emphasizes on physical and luminescence properties of oxide and oxyfluoride phosphate glasses and discusses the energy transfer between Gd3+ and Sm3+ ions. Lithium gadolinium oxide ...and oxy-fluoride phosphate glasses doped with Sm3+ ions were prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. Subsequently the physical and luminescence properties were investigated systematically to understand their behavior. The density of the prepared glass samples show high in oxide glasses as compared to oxy-fluoride glasses, and the density of both glass samples increase with increase in the Sm2O3 concentrations. In total, ten signature Sm3+ ion peaks were observed in the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra. In photoluminescence spectra the oxy-fluoride glass samples show higher excitation and emissions intensity than oxide glasses. The emission intensity increases up to 1mol% concentration of Sm3+ ions and then decreases due to non-radiative energy transfers. The same is observed in case of radioluminescence emission spectra. The calculated J-O intensity parameters show Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6 trend. From Judd-Ofelt analysis, these glasses exhibit high potential for using as laser host medium. The life time recorded at the excitation and emission wavelength 401 nm and 598 nm respectively and it is observed that the life time decreases with increase in the Sm3+ ions concentration. The CIE coordinates positioned in the orange region of CIE diagram. The properties evaluated in the present work indicate that these glasses can be a good candidate of orange LEDs applications.
Energy level diagram and Comparison of the Radioluminescence emission spectra at 1mol% Sm3+ concentration. Display omitted
•17Li2O:17Gd2O3/GdF3(66-x) P2O5:xSm2O3 were synthesized.•J-O (Ωλ) parameters for these glasses showed Ω2> Ω4> Ω6 trend.•Oxy-fluoride glass has less phonon energy and less non-radiative energy transfer.•The ratiative transition probability show high values for 4G5/2. → 6H7/2 transition.•The energy transfer between Sm3+ ions is confirmed using IH Fit.
The present findings provide information regarding the length-weight relationships (LWRs) of Indian major carps viz Cattla cattla, Labeo rohita and Cirhinus mrigala in an intensive polyculture ...system. Much work has been done in Pakistan with respect to fish LWRs, much of such work has been ignored. Carps were fed with twelve different formulated diets containing four different sources of protein i.e. fish meal (FM), all parts chicken meal (APCM), corn gluten (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM). Each type of protein is used at inclusion level of 25, 35 and 45% into the formulated diets to evaluate the minimum requirement of that ingredient for optimal growth of in-hand species. The values of slope "b" ranged from 2.20 to 4.90 for these species of carps which showed a strong healthy relationship among variables (level of protein and months).
Children with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit higher overweight/obesity rates than their typically developing peers. Apelin-12 is a bioactive adipokine that exerts vital roles in obesity-related ...cardiometabolic comorbidities. To date, apelin-12 has not been investigated in obese-DS. This study aimed to explore the possible association between serum apelin-12 and obesity-related markers and to evaluate the efficiency of apelin-12 in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese-DS compared to BMI Z-score matched obese-control. The cross-sectional study included 150 prepubertal children classified into three groups; obese-DS (
n
= 50), obese-control (
n
= 50), and normal-weight-control (
n
= 50). Anthropometric parameters, body adiposity, fasting serum levels of blood glucose (FBG), insulin, lipid profile, and apelin-12 were evaluated. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from FBG and insulin. MetS was defined using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for the pediatric age group. ROC curves were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of apelin-12 in predicting MetS in obesity groups. Obese-DS exhibited higher body adiposity with marked central fat distribution, atherogenic lipid profile, and higher HOMA-IR compared to obese-control. Apelin-12 was significantly higher in obese-DS and obese-DS with MetS compared to obese-control and obese-control with MetS respectively (
p
< 0.001). The increase in apelin-12 with higher obesity grades was pronounced in obese-DS. Apelin-12 strongly correlated with body adiposity, several MetS risk factors, and HOMA-IR in obese-DS. Significantly higher AUC for apelin-12 in the diagnosis of MetS among obese-DS than obese-control (AUC = 0.948 vs. AUC = 0.807;
p
= 0.04).
Conclusions
: The current study supports the crucial role of apelin-12 in obesity-related clinical and biochemical markers and in MetS in obese-DS and obese-control. Serum apelin-12 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for MetS with greater performance in obese-DS than obese-control raising its potential for clinical and therapeutic applications.
What is Known:
• Obese-DS children displayed excess body adiposity, Pronounced central fat distribution, atherogenic lipid profile, higher HOMA-IR, and higher prevalence of MetS than obese-control.
What is New:
• Higher serum apelin-12 was observed in obese-DS and obese-DS with MetS than obese-control and obese-control with MetS respectively. The increase in apelin-12 level with increasing obesity grades was more pronounced in obese-DS.
• Apelin-12 strongly correlated with obesity-related markers and MetS components in obese-DS. Apelin-12 performed better as a diagnostic biomarker for MetS in obese-DS than obese-control.
