The dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmissibility are yet to be fully understood. Better understanding of the transmission dynamics is important for the development and evaluation ...of effective control policies.
To delineate the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and evaluate the transmission risk at different exposure window periods before and after symptom onset.
This prospective case-ascertained study in Taiwan included laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 and their contacts. The study period was from January 15 to March 18, 2020. All close contacts were quarantined at home for 14 days after their last exposure to the index case. During the quarantine period, any relevant symptoms (fever, cough, or other respiratory symptoms) of contacts triggered a COVID-19 test. The final follow-up date was April 2, 2020.
Secondary clinical attack rate (considering symptomatic cases only) for different exposure time windows of the index cases and for different exposure settings (such as household, family, and health care).
We enrolled 100 confirmed patients, with a median age of 44 years (range, 11-88 years), including 44 men and 56 women. Among their 2761 close contacts, there were 22 paired index-secondary cases. The overall secondary clinical attack rate was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.4%-1.0%). The attack rate was higher among the 1818 contacts whose exposure to index cases started within 5 days of symptom onset (1.0% 95% CI, 0.6%-1.6%) compared with those who were exposed later (0 cases from 852 contacts; 95% CI, 0%-0.4%). The 299 contacts with exclusive presymptomatic exposures were also at risk (attack rate, 0.7% 95% CI, 0.2%-2.4%). The attack rate was higher among household (4.6% 95% CI, 2.3%-9.3%) and nonhousehold (5.3% 95% CI, 2.1%-12.8%) family contacts than that in health care or other settings. The attack rates were higher among those aged 40 to 59 years (1.1% 95% CI, 0.6%-2.1%) and those aged 60 years and older (0.9% 95% CI, 0.3%-2.6%).
In this study, high transmissibility of COVID-19 before and immediately after symptom onset suggests that finding and isolating symptomatic patients alone may not suffice to contain the epidemic, and more generalized measures may be required, such as social distancing.
The engineering of a series of multienzyme‐mimicking covalent organic frameworks (COFs), COF‐909‐Cu, COF‐909‐Fe, and COF‐909‐Ni, as pyroptosis inducers, remodeling the tumor microenvironment to boost ...cancer immunotherapy, is reported. Mechanistic studies reveal that these COFs can serve as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) homeostasis disruptors to elevate intracellular H2O2 levels, and they not only exhibit excellent superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐mimicking activity and convert superoxide radicals (O2•−) to H2O2 to facilitate H2O2 generation, but also possess outstanding glutathione peroxidase (GPx)‐mimicking activity and deplete glutathione (GSH) to alleviate the scavenging of H2O2. Meanwhile, the outstanding photothermal therapy properties of these COFs can accelerate the Fenton‐like ionization process to facilitate their chemodynamic therapy efficiency. One member, COF‐909‐Cu, can robustly induce gasdermin E (GSDME)‐dependent pyroptosis and remodel the tumor microenvironment to trigger durable antitumor immunity, thus promoting the response rate of αPD‐1 checkpoint blockade and successfully restraining tumor metastasis and recurrence.
A series of multienzyme‐mimicking covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is constructed by dispersing active sites into the COF backbone. In contrast to their corresponding bulk species, these enzyme‐mimicking COFs can serve as H2O2 homeostasis disruptors to elevate intracellular H2O2 levels, thus exhibiting excellent chemodynamic therapy and pyroptosis efficacy, favorable for boosting cancer immunotherapy.
Trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TrIFNs) is a special intuitionistic fuzzy set on a real number set. TrIFNs are useful to deal with ill-known quantities in decision data and decision making ...problems themselves. The focus of this paper is on multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems in which the attribute values are expressed with TrIFNs, which are solved by developing a new decision method based on power average operators of TrIFNs. The new operation laws for TrIFNs are given. From a viewpoint of Hausdorff metric, the Hamming and Euclidean distances between TrIFNs are defined. Hereby the power average operator of real numbers is extended to four kinds of power average operators of TrIFNs, involving the power average operator of TrIFNs, the weighted power average operator of TrIFNs, the power ordered weighted average operator of TrIFNs, and the power hybrid average operator of TrIFNs. In the proposed group decision method, the individual overall evaluation values of alternatives are generated by using the power average operator of TrIFNs. Applying the hybrid average operator of TrIFNs, the individual overall evaluation values of alternatives are then integrated into the collective ones, which are used to rank the alternatives. The example analysis shows the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method.
•A new definition of distance between PLTSs is proposed.•DM’s difference in linguistic terms is reflected by personalized individual semantic.•The CRP (consensus reaching process) considers DMs’ ...willingness.•Construct minimum preference adjustment models to obtain the adjusted PLPRs.•The CL (consensus level) of the adjusted DM is increasing in each adjustment round.
This paper develops a new personalized individual semantic (PIS) based consensus reaching process (CRP) for large-scale group decision making (LSGDM) with probabilistic linguistic preference relations (PLPRs) and applies to the selection of COVID-19 surveillance plans. Firstly, considering that a linguistic term means different things to different decision makers (DMs), a new definition of distance between probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) is defined considering the PIS of a DM. Then, a consistency-driven optimization model is built to determine the PIS of linguistic terms in a PLPR of a DM by maximizing the consistency of a PLPR. DMs’ weights can be acquired through a programming model by minimizing the distance between the individual semantic and the collective semantic. Besides, a clustering algorithm based on PIS is devised for dividing DMs into several subgroups with similar semantic. Based on the obtained subgroups, the corresponding moderators can be identified by DMs with unacceptable consensus level (CL). Several minimum preference adjustment models are constructed to obtain the adjusted PLPRs. These models not only can sufficiently consider the willingness of DMs to modify their preferences but also can improve their CLs in CRP. Finally, an illustration example of selection of college COVID-19 surveillance plans is offered to demonstrate the proposed method and to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.
The synergistic efficacy of phototherapy and cancer immunotherapy is severely restricted by both the inherent photobleaching and aggregation‐caused quench (ACQ) defects of photosensitizers and the ...intrinsic antioxidant tumor microenvironment (TME), such as hypoxia and overexpressed glutathione (GSH). To address these issues, a novel porphyrin‐based staggered stacking covalent organic framework (COF), COF‐618‐Cu, is rationally designed as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplifier, owing to its excellent catalase‐like activity, COF‐618‐Cu is capable of consuming endogenous hydrogen peroxide to produce sufficient oxygen to alleviate the tumor hypoxia phenomena. Moreover the overexpressed intracellular GSH is also depleted to decrease the scavenging of ROS, due to the glutathione peroxidase mimic activity of COF‐618‐Cu. Mechanistic studies reveal that the unique staggered stacking mode between COF‐618‐Cu interlayers can effectively relieve both the photobleaching and ACQ effects that are inaccessible to commonly eclipsed COFs. These, combined with their excellent photothermal therapy performance, make COF‐618‐Cu favorable for inducing robust immunogenic cell death and remodeling TME to boost antitumor immunity.
A novel staggered stacking covalent organic framework (COF)‐based photosensitizer, COF‐618‐Cu, is reported, which can simultaneously alleviate photobleaching and aggregation‐induced quench effects to achieve desirable phototherapy performance and further elicit robust immunogenic cell death to trigger a durable antitumor immune response for boosting cancer immunotherapy.
The focus of this paper is on multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems in which the attribute values, attribute weights, and expert weights are all in the form of 2-tuple linguistic ...information, which are solved by developing a new decision method based on 2-tuple linguistic hybrid arithmetic aggregation operator. First, the operation laws for 2-tuple linguistic information are defined and the related properties of the operation laws are studied. Hereby some hybrid arithmetic aggregation operators with 2-tuple linguistic information are developed, involving the 2-tuple hybrid weighted arithmetic average (THWA) operator, the 2-tuple hybrid linguistic weighted arithmetic average (T-HLWA) operator, and the extended 2-tuple hybrid linguistic weighted arithmetic average (ET-HLWA) operator. In the proposed decision method, the individual overall preference values of alternatives are derived by using the extended 2-tuple weighted arithmetic average operator (ET-WA). Utilized the ET-HLWA operator, all the individual overall preference values of alternatives are further integrated into the collective ones of alternatives, which are used to rank the alternatives. A real example of personnel selection is given to illustrate the developed method and the comparison analyses demonstrate the universality and flexibility of the method proposed in this paper.
The aim of this paper is to develop a new Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy (A-IF) programming method to solve heterogeneous multiattribute group decision-making problems with A-IF truth degrees in ...which there are several types of attribute values such as A-IF sets (A-IFSs), trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, intervals, and real numbers. In this method, preference relations in comparisons of alternatives with hesitancy degrees are expressed by A-IFSs. Hereby, A-IF group consistency and inconsistency indices are defined on the basis of preference relations between alternatives. To estimate the fuzzy ideal solution (IS) and weights, a new A-IF programming model is constructed on the concept that the A-IF group inconsistency index should be minimized and must be not larger than the A-IF group consistency index by some fixed A-IFS. An effective method is developed to solve the new derived model. The distances of the alternatives to the fuzzy IS are calculated to determine their ranking order. Moreover, some generalizations or specializations of the derived model are discussed. Applicability of the proposed methodology is illustrated with a real supplier selection example.
Mussel‐inspired polydopamine (PDA) deposition offers a promising route to fabricate multifunctional coatings for various materials. However, PDA deposition is generally a time‐consuming process, and ...PDA coatings are unstable in acidic and alkaline media, as well as in polar organic solvents. We report a strategy to realize the rapid deposition of PDA by using CuSO4/H2O2 as a trigger. Compared to the conventional processes, our strategy shows the fastest deposition rate reported to date, and the PDA coatings exhibit high uniformity and enhanced stability. Furthermore, the PDA‐coated porous membranes have excellent hydrophilicity, anti‐oxidant properties, and antibacterial performance. This work demonstrates a useful method for the environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and time‐saving fabrication of PDA coatings.
Mussel‐inspired surfaces: A facile and robust approach to rapidly construct polydopamine (PDA) coatings on various substrates is presented. The CuSO4/H2O2‐triggered PDA coatings show high uniformity, enhanced stability, excellent hydrophilicity, antioxidant ability, and antibacterial performance.
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is revolutionizing the traditional treatment model of multiple tumor types, but remains ineffective for a large subset of patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has ...been shown to induce cancer cell death and provoke an immune response, and may represent a potential strategy to synergize with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. However, the limited tissue penetration of exciting light for conventional PDT largely hinders its application in the clinic and its further combination with immunotherapy. Here, a serrated packing covalent organic framework (COF), COF‐606, with excellent two‐photon absorption (2PA) property and photostability, largely avoids aggregation‐caused quenching, therefore offering high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency; it is used as a 2PA photosensitizer for PDT in deep tumor tissue. COF‐606 induced PDT is shown to be efficient in inducing immunogenic cell death, provoking an immune response and normalizing the immunosuppressive status for the first time. This makes it possible to combine 2PA induced PDT using COF with programmed cell death protein 1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Such combination leads to strong abscopal tumor‐inhibiting efficiency and long‐lasting immune memory effects, standing as a promising combinatorial therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
A novel biocompatible covalent organic framework with excellent two‐photon absorption properties is used for cancer photodynamic therapy to overcome the low penetration depth of traditional photodynamic therapy. This treatment induces immunogenic cell death, alleviates immunosuppression, and further enhances the effectiveness of PD‐1‐based immunotherapy in a poorly immunogenic breast cancer mouse model.
This paper develops a Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) mathematical programming method to solve multi-attribute group decision-making problems under PF environments. The main work is summarized as four ...aspects: (1) Considering the fuzziness and hesitancy in pairwise comparisons of alternatives, we firstly introduce PF sets to depict the fuzzy truth degrees of alternative comparisons. (2) According to the information entropy, individual subjective attribute weight vectors of decision makers (DMs) are calculated and integrated into a collective one by a cross-entropy optimization model. Then DMs’ weights are objectively derived from the collective subjective attribute weight vector. (3) PF group consistency and inconsistency indices are defined based on PF-positive ideal solution (PFPIS) and PF-negative ideal solution (PFNIS), respectively. To determine comprehensive attribute weights, a biobjective PF mathematical programming model is constructed through minimizing two inconsistency indices based on PFPIS and PFNIS simultaneously. A linear programming method is technically developed to solve this model. (4) Using the cross-entropy again, collective relative closeness degrees of alternatives are explicitly derived to rank the alternatives. Finally, an example of green supplier selection is analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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