In evaluation of soil quality for agricultural use, soil structure is one of the most important properties, which is influenced not only by climate, biological activity, and management practices but ...also by mechanical and physico-chemical forces acting in the soil. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of conventional agricultural management on the structure and microstructure of a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico (Rhodic Hapludox) in an experimental area planted to maize. Soil morphology was described using the crop profile method by identifying the distinct structural volumes called Morphologically Homogeneous Units (MHUs). For comparison, we also described a profile in an adjacent area without agricultural use and under natural regrowth referred to as Memory. We took undisturbed samples from the main MHUs so as to form thin sections and blocks of soil for micromorphological and micromorphometrical analyses. Results from the application of the crop profile method showed the occurrence of the following structural types: loose (L), fragmented (F) and continuous (C) in both profiles analyzed. In the Memory soil profile, the fragmented structures were classified as Fptμ∆+tf and Fmt∆μ, whose micromorphology shows an enaulic-porphyric (porous) relative distribution with a great deal of biological activity as indicated by the presence of vughs and channels. Lower down, from 0.20 to 0.35 m, there was a continuous soil volume (sub-type C∆μ), with a subangular block microstructure and an enaulic-porphyric relative distribution, though in this case more compact and with aggregate coalescence and less biological activity. The micromorphometrical study of the soil of the Memory Plot showed the predominance of complex pores in NAM (15.03 %), Fmt∆μ (11.72 %), and Fptμ∆+tf (7.73 %), and rounded pores in C∆μ (8.21 %). In the soil under conventional agricultural management, we observed fragmented structures similar to the Memory Plot from 0.02 to 0.20 m, followed by a volume with a compact continuous structure (C∆μ), without visible porosity and with few roots. In the MHUs under conventional management, reduction in the packing pores (40 %) was observed, mainly in the continuous units (C). The microstructure had well-defined blocks, with the occurrence of planar pores and less evidence of biological activity. In conclusion, the morphological and micromorphological analyses of the soil profiles studied offered complementary information regarding soil structural quality, especially concerning the changes in pore types as result of mechanical stress undergone by the soil.
The toxicity of cadmium and chromium to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Microcystis aeruginosa was evaluated through algal growth rate during 96h exposure bioassays. Free metal ion concentrations ...were obtained using MINEQL super(+) 4.61 and used for IC50 determination. Metal accumulations by the microorganisms were determined and they were found to be dependent on the concentration of Cd super(2+) and Cr super(6+). IC50 for P. subcapitata were 0.60 mu mol L super(-1) free Cd super(2+) and 20 mu mol L super(-1) free Cr super(6+), while the IC50 values for M. aeruginosa were 0.01 mu mol L super(-1) Cd super(2+) and 11.07 mu mol L super(-1) Cr super(6+) times P. subcapitata accumulated higher metal concentrations (0.001 -0.05 mu mol Cd mg super(-1) dry wt. and 0.001 -0.04 mu mol Cr mg super(-1) dry wt) than the cyanobacteria (0.001 -0.01 mu mol Cd mg super(-1) dry wt and 0.001 -0.02 mu mol Cr mg super(-1) dry wt). Cadmium was more toxic than chromium to both the microorganisms.
Since the last decade of the last century, it is known that many old grapevine varieties are descendants of other varieties through natural crossing. Portugal has an important program for the ...conservation of representative samples of intra-varietal variability of all autochthonous varieties, managed by the Portuguese Association for Grapevine Diversity (PORVID), which makes looking for genotypes with dubious identification an important activity from a perspective of its valorisation. This communication presents the results of the molecular analysis of 5,000 samples (accessions) from the PORVID’s collection, using nine microsatellite
loci
currently recommended by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) for genetic grapevine identification. The results obtained confirmed the molecular identity of 4,220 samples corresponding to 214 varieties present in the official list of Portuguese varieties. In 780 samples, 95 profiles with a plural number of accessions revealed not to be listed in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) database, corresponding to possible varieties either descendent from natural crossing from at least one known parental variety, or from undetermined origin. Furthermore, the need for a comprehensive strategy aimed at uncovering other hidden varieties is discussed to prevent their imminent loss, deepen understanding of their origin, and add economic value and sustainability to the vine and wine sector.
Specimens of Pimelodella captured in the Miranda River, Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul State, present morphological features that could indicate at least four species. Therefore, karyotype analysis ...and molecular biology provided evidence that they were only two species, one showing 2n = 46, and the other, 2n = 52 chromosomes, with only 18% genetic similarity. The morphological analysis evidenced that the dorsal filament is a male characteristic and that the upper lobe of the caudal fin was variable and might or might not be elongated in both species. With respect to morphometric characters, the formation of two groups was evident, but with a small overlap of specimens between them. Among the species with filaments on the dorsal fin observed in the Pantanal, the one with the lesser length of adipose fin base is P. griffini, which corresponds to that with 2n = 46 chromosomes, whereas the species P. taenioptera has 2n = 52 chromosomes. Thus, the accurate detection of these cryptic taxonomic units was only possible with the use of various analysis techniques. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the identification of cryptic species is important for obtaining correct estimates of fish diversity in the PantanalOriginal Abstract: Exemplares de Pimelodella capturados no rio Miranda, Pantanal do Mato Grosso do Sul, apresentavam caracteristicas morfologicas que poderiam indicar, pelo menos, quatro especies. Entretanto, com a analise cariotipica e da biologia molecular ficou evidente que se tratava de apenas duas especies, uma apresentando 2n = 46 e a outra, 2n = 52 cromossomos, e com apenas 18% de similaridade genetica. Pela analise morfologica foi observado que o filamento dorsal e uma caracteristica de machos, e o lobo superior da nadadeira caudal se mostrou variavel, podendo, ou nao, ser alongado em ambas especies. Com relacao aos caracteres morfometricos, tambem houve a formacao de dois grupos, mas com uma pequena sobreposicao de exemplares entre eles. Das especies com filamento na nadadeira dorsal apontadas para o Pantanal, a que possui menor comprimento da base da nadadeira adiposa e P. griffini, o que corresponde aquela com 2n = 46 cromossomos e, ao contrario, a especie com 2n = 52 cromossomos, e P. taenioptera. Assim, apenas com o emprego de diversas tecnicas de analise foi possivel o reconhecimento seguro dessas unidades taxonomicas que se mostravam cripticas. Ressalta-se, ainda, que a identificacao de especies cripticas e importante para que estimativas da diversidade de peixes do Pantanal sejam feitas corretamente
Dams constructed along waterways interrupt the dispersion and migration of aquatic organisms, affecting mainly the abnndance of migratory fish species. Translocation mechanisms have been constructed ...at thms aiming to minimize their impact on fish species migration behavior. There is little information available abont the effect of the construction of dams on the genetic structure of the Neotropical migratory fish fauna. Therefore, RAPD molecular markers and microsatellites were utilized to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of the migratory species Leporinus elongatus (piapara) in the Canoas Complex - Paranapanema River - Brazil. Ten groups were sampled in the fish ladders of the hydroelectric dam Canoas I and Canoas II during the reproductive period in three consecutive years. Both markers showed a high level of genetic diversity within these groups. The microsatellite markers demonstrated a loss of heterozygosity and a considerable level of inbreeding in the species. The genetic differentiation found among the groups with both markers utilized is within a range from low to moderate. The thta obtained with the parameter of genetic diversity among the groups led to the conclusion that the groups of L. elongatus of the Canoas Complex are structured as a single population composed of sub-populations with low genetic diversity among them. The data on genetic diversity and population structure of L. elongatus are of great importance for the development of the species management and conservation programs in the Canoas Complex, which can also be utilized in aquaculture programs.Original Abstract: As barragens construldas ao longo de sistemas hidncos interrompem a dispersao e a migracao dos organismos aquaticos, afetando principalmente a abundancia das especies de peixes migradores. Mecanismos para transposicao foram construidos em barragens visando minimizar esses impactos. Poucas sao as informacoes disponiveis sobre o efeito da construcao de barragens na estrutura genefica populacional da fauna neotropical de peixes migradores. Nesse contexto, marcadores moleculares RAPD e microssatelites foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade e a estmtura genetica da especie migradora Leporinus elongatus (piapara) no Complexo Canoas - rio Paranapanema - Brasil. Dez grupos foram amostrados nas escadas pam transposicao de peixes das UHEs Canoas I e Canoas II durante o perlodo reprodutivo em tres anos consecutivos. Ambos os marcadores evidenciaram uma alta diversidade genetica para esses grupos. Os marcadores microssatelites mostraram uma perda de heterozigosidade e uma consideravel taxa de endocmzamento para a especie. A diferenciacao genetica encontrada entre os grupos, com ambos os marcadores utilizados, pode ser considerada de moderada a baixa. Os dados obtidos com os parametros de diversidade genetica entre os grupos permitiram concluir que os grupos de L. elongatus do Complexo Canoas estao estruturados como uma nnica populacao composta por sub-populacoes com baixa diversidade genetica entre elas. Os dados obtidos sobre a diversidade genetica e estrutura populacional de L. elongatus sao de grande importancia para o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo e conservacao da especie no Complexo Canoas, podendo tambem ser utilizados em programas de aquicultura.
O manejo agrícola influencia a estrutura do solo, modificando os atributos físicos e o comportamento hídrico do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da semeadura direta (SD) e do ...preparo convencional (PC) sobre a estrutura do solo, por meio de atributos físicos e da distribuição dos poros, utilizando imagens digitais 2-D. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com delineamento de blocos casualizados. A densidade do solo, macroporosidade, diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Kfs) e análise de imagens digitais 2-D (resolução de 156,25 μm2) foram avaliadas nas profundidades de 0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m. Os manejos não diferiram para a densidade e macroporosidade do solo. A SD revelou maior DMP e Kfs em relação ao PC. O PC apresentou maior área total de poros na profundidade de 0-0,20 m em relação ao SD, ocorrendo o inverso na profundidade de 0,20-0,40 m. A SD apresentou maior quantidade de poros complexos de tamanho grande (>0,156 mm2) na camada de 0,20-0,40 m em relação ao PC, que evidenciou predomínio de poros arredondados. A SD demonstrou melhorias na estrutura do solo em relação ao PC, com maior estabilidade dos agregados, condutividade hidráulica e área total de poros, contribuindo para a conservação do solo e da água em sistemas produtivos.
Our aim was to evaluate the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society criteria for endoscopic submucosal resection of early gastric cancer (EGC) based on the experience in a Brazilian cancer ...center.
We included all patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal resection for gastric lesions between February 2009 and October 2016. Demographic data and information regarding the endoscopic resection, pathological report and follow-up were obtained. Statistical calculations were performed with Fisher's exact test and chi-square tests, with 95% confidence intervals.
In total, 76% of the 51 lesions were adenocarcinomas, 16% were adenomas, and 8% had other diagnoses. The average size was 19.9 mm (±11.7). The average procedure length was 113.9 minutes (±71.4). The complication rate was 21.3%, with only one patient who needed surgical treatment (transmural perforation). Among the adenocarcinomas, 39.5% met the classic criteria for curability, 31.6% met the expanded criteria and 28.9% met the criteria for noncurative resection. Analysis of the indication criteria and curability revealed differences among cases with “only-by-size” expanded criteria (64.28%), other expanded criteria (40%) and classic criteria (89.47%), with a p-value of 0.049. During follow-up (15.8 months; ±14.3), 86.1% of the EGC patients had no recurrence. When well-differentiated and poorly differentiated lesions or lesions included in the classic and expanded criteria were compared, there were no differences in recurrence. The noncurative group presented a higher recurrence rate than the classic group (p=0.014).
These results suggest that the Japanese endoscopic submucosal resection criteria might be useful for endoscopic treatment of EGC in Western countries.
The concept of soil quality is currently the subject of great discussion due to the interaction of soil with the environment (soil-plant-atmosphere) and practices of human intervention. However, ...concepts of soil quality relate quality to agricultural productivity, but assessment of soil quality in an agronomic context may be different from its assessment in natural areas. The aim of this study was to assess physical quality indices, the S index, soil aeration capacity (ACt/Pt), and water storage capacity (FC/Pt) of the soil from a permanent plot in the Caetetus Ecological Reserve (Galia, São Paulo, Brazil) under a seasonal semideciduous forest and compare them with the reference values for soil physical quality found in the literature. Water retention curves were used for that purpose. The S values found were higher than the proposed limit for soil physical quality (0.035). The A and E horizons showed the highest values because their sandy texture leads to a high slope of the water retention curve. The B horizons showed the lowest S values because their natural density leads to a lower slope of the water retention curve. The values found for ACt/Pt and FC/Pt were higher and lower than the idealized limits. The values obtained from these indices under natural vegetation can provide reference values for soils with similar properties that undergo changes due to anthropic activities. All the indices evaluated were effective in differentiating the effects of soil horizons in the natural hydro-physical functioning of the soils under study.
Several studies of small watersheds of in the Upper Paraná River basin are currently available. Howev-er, the number and extent of its tributary streams still pose a challenge to enhancing current ...knowledge of their ichthyofauna. This study aimed to survey the fish fauna of three streams of the Lower Paranapanema River basin, state of Paraná, Brazil (Capim, Tenente and Centenário streams). The sampling included 3,167 specimens belonging to five orders, 17 families and 56 species. The streams presented differences in species richness (Centenário Stream: 41 species; Tenente Stream: 33 species; Capim Stream: 30 species). Two species occurred at all collection sites (Astyanax bockmanni and Hypostomus ancistroides). Nine non-native species were recorded, four of them found exclusive-ly in the Centenário Stream.
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