Conventional power factor correction (PFC) circuits in electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers have the efficiency limitation due to high conduction loss associated with a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) ...at the input. To mitigate this issue, a bridgeless (BL) single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) with improved power quality, is presented in this article. The input current shows a unity power factor operation over the entire charging duration. Due to elimination of DBR and the current conduction through relatively less number of devices, conduction losses are significantly reduced. This, in turn, improvises the charger efficiency as compared to conventional BL SEPIC converter. The overall performance of proposed charger is illustrated with the help of various operating modes, design equations, simulation-based performance and experimental validation under steady state as well as over wide fluctuations in ac mains voltage. The EV battery is charged at constant current/ constant voltage control mode, which provides satisfactory results for improved efficiency and inherent PFC, thus, improving overall performance of the charger.
A new control approach of integrating a solar photovoltaic (PV) with a battery storage is presented to a single-phase grid for residential and electric vehicle application. The main purpose of the ...proposed work is to feed a continuous power to the grid, thereby enhancing the viability of the battery energy storage support connected to the system. The charging and discharging of the battery achieve power leveling and load leveling along with increased reliability of the system. The multifunctional voltage-source converter acts as an active power filter and performs the harmonics mitigation along with reactive power compensation. In the proposed system, a unique control is developed for resynchronization of the grid during reconnection of the grid after the mitigation of a failure. The overall control of the system is adaptable under various practically occurring situations such as disconnection of the PV array, the battery, and the grid from the system. The detailed design and control of the proposed system are presented. The validity of the proposed system is performed through a laboratory prototype developed for a power rating of 2.2 kW connected to the utility grid. The performance of the system is found satisfactory under various disturbance, and the recorded results have been demonstrated.
This paper presents a power factor correction (PFC)-based bridgeless isolated Cuk converter-fed brushless dc (BLDC) motor drive. A variable dc link voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI) ...feeding the BLDC motor is used for its speed control. This allows the operation of VSI in fundamental frequency switching to achieve an electronic commutation of the BLDC motor for reduced switching losses. A bridgeless configuration of an isolated Cuk converter is derived for the elimination of the front-end diode bridge rectifier to reduce conduction losses in it. The proposed PFC-based bridgeless isolated Cuk converter is designed to operate in discontinuous inductor current mode to achieve an inherent PFC at the ac mains. The proposed drive is controlled using a single voltage sensor to develop a cost-effective solution. The proposed drive is implemented to achieve a unity power factor at the ac mains for a wide range of speed control and supply voltages. An improved power quality is achieved at ac mains with power quality indices within the limits of the IEC 61000-3-2 standard.
In this article, a solar photo voltaic (PV) array and a storage battery integrated three phase electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) is presented, which uses a convex combined affine projection ...sign algorithm (APSA) for improving the power quality at the grid. This algorithm convexly combines the output of two APSA with large step size and small step size. Therefore, this algorithm achieves fast convergence and low steady-state error in abruptly changing input conditions. Therefore, this algorithm is suitable for an EVCS, where the charging current of EV changes frequently. The EVCS provides both ac and dc charging to EVs. In the daytime, the CS operates in standalone mode to charge the EV connected at the point of common interconnection (PCI). However, the EV requiring dc power can take power from the dc link through a bidirectional dc-dc converter. Whereas, in the absence of PV array generation, the CS takes power from the grid. Moreover, while connecting the CS to the grid, the PCI voltage is synchronized to the grid voltage for achieving the seamless mode transition. Various steady-state and dynamic condition results have been taken on the experimental prototype developed in the laboratory for demonstrating its satisfactory behavior.
This paper introduces a humpback whale hunting behavior inspired whale optimization with differential evolution (WODE) technique-based tracking algorithm for the maximum power point tracking in the ...dynamic as well as the steady-state conditions of a partially shaded solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This "WODE" technique is used for quick and oscillation-free tracking of the global best peak position in a few steps. The unique advantage of this algorithm for maximum power point tracking in partially shaded condition is as, it is free from common and generalized problems of other evolutionary techniques, like longer convergence duration, a large number of search particles, steady-state oscillation, heavy computational burden, etc., which creates power loss and oscillations in output. This hybrid algorithm is tested in MATLAB simulation and verified on a developed hardware of the solar PV system, which consists of multiple peaks in voltage-power curve. Moreover, the tracking ability is compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The satisfactory steady-state and dynamic performances of the new hybrid technique under variable irradiance and temperature levels show the superiority over the state-of-the-art control methods.
Endophytic actinomycetes have shown unique plant growth promoting as well as antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogens. In the present study forty-two endophytic actinomycetes recovered ...from medicinal plants were evaluated for their antagonistic potential and plant growth-promoting abilities. Twenty-two isolates which showed the inhibitory activity against at least one pathogen were subsequently tested for their plant-growth promoting activities and were compared genotypically using DNA based fingerprinting, including enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and BOX repetitive elements. Genetic relatedness based on both ERIC and BOX-PCR generates specific patterns corresponding to particular genotypes. Exponentially grown antagonistic isolates were used to evaluate phosphate solubilization, siderophores, HCN, ammonia, chitinase, indole-3-acetic acid production, as well as antifungal activities. Out of 22 isolates, the amount of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) ranging between 10-32 μg/ml was produced by 20 isolates and all isolates were positive for ammonia production ranging between 5.2 to 54 mg/ml. Among 22 isolates tested, the amount of hydroxamate-type siderophores were produced by 16 isolates ranging between 5.2 to 36.4 μg/ml, while catechols-type siderophores produced by 5 isolates ranging from 3.2 to 5.4 μg/ml. Fourteen isolates showed the solubilisation of inorganic phosphorous ranging from 3.2 to 32.6 mg/100ml. Chitinase and HCN production was shown by 19 and 15 different isolates, respectively. In addition, genes of indole acetic acid (iaaM) and chitinase (chiC) were successively amplified from 20 and 19 isolates respectively. The two potential strains Streptomyces sp. (BPSAC34) and Leifsonia xyli (BPSAC24) were tested in vivo and improved a range of growth parameters in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under greenhouse conditions. This study is the first published report that actinomycetes can be isolated as endophytes from within these plants and were shown to have antagonistic and plant growth promoting abilities. These results clearly suggest the possibility of using endophytic actinomycetes as bioinoculant for plant growth promotion, nutrient mobilization or as biocontrol agent against fungal phytopathogens for sustainable agriculture.
This paper deals with a new version of perturb and observe tracking algorithm for maximum power extraction from the solar photovoltaic panel, which has self-predictive and decision taking ability. ...The working principle of self-predictive perturb and observe (SPP&O) algorithm is based on three consecutive operating points on the power-voltage characteristic. Out of three points, first two points very smartly detects the dynamic condition, as well as in normal condition, quickly searches the maximum power point (MPP) region. Moreover, by using a circular analogy, all points decide the optimal operating position for next iteration, which is responsible for quick MPP tracking as well as improved dynamic performance. Here, in every new iteration, the step-size is reduced by 90% from the previous step-size, which provides an oscillation-free steady-state performance. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated by MATLAB simulation as well as tested on hardware prototype. Moreover, comparison between SPP&O algorithm and state of art methods is made. Its satisfactory dynamic and steady-state behaviors with low algorithm complexity as well as the low computational burden of the SPP&O algorithm show the superiority over state of the art methods.
The protection of the sensitive unbalanced nonlinear loads from sag/swell, distortion, and unbalance in supply voltage is achieved economically using the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). A simple ...generalized algorithm based on basic synchronous-reference-frame theory has been developed for the generation of instantaneous reference compensating voltages for controlling a DVR. This novel algorithm makes use of the fundamental positive-sequence phase voltages extracted by sensing only two unbalanced and/or distorted line voltages. The algorithm is general enough to handle linear as well as nonlinear loads. The compensating voltages when injected in series with a distribution feeder by three single-phase H-bridge voltage-source converters with a constant switching frequency hysteresis band voltage controller tightly regulate the voltage at the load terminals against any power quality problems on the source side. A capacitor-supported DVR does not need any active power during steady-state operation because the injected voltage is in quadrature with the feeder current. The proposed control strategy is validated through extensive simulation and real-time experimental studies.
The penetration of solar energy into the distribution network is affected by the seasonal and day-to-day variability of the solar power generation. In underdeveloped and developing countries, the ...power quality (PQ) deterioration issues are primarily observed due to the presence of the weak utility grid. Therefore, smart grid operability is achieved through power exchange along with the improvement in PQ indices by the application of the biquad filter, thereby exhibiting multifunctional control capability. The biquad filter is less affected by quantization errors and involves no additional usage of sensors or control loops, which are the significant advantages observed in its implementation. The biquad filter utilization in this work, includes the estimation of fundamental load current along with mitigation of harmonics, improving PQ, reactive power compensation, and satisfactory performance during voltage unbalance, sag, distortion, swell, and unbalanced loading conditions, which are observed during weak grid conditions. The stochastic inputs of the solar PV array interfaced utility grid system are agitated due to the erratic availability of solar power, and are overcome through an adaptive perturb and observe technique, which uses a variable perturbation step size. Test cases considered here, validate the performance in accordance to the IEEE-519 standard.
The inaccessibility of a utility grid is the challenge for rural and remote areas. This work presents the application of solar photovoltaic (PV) integrated battery energy storage (BES) for rural area ...electrification. The addition of a BES at DC link, is realised by means of a DC–DC bidirectional converter. The BES is discharged/charged in accordance with the solar PV generation and load variations. This converter control also maintains the voltage for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with perturb and observe (P & O) control at the DC link. The voltage source converter (VSC) works by means of voltage control algorithm in a solar PV‐BES system. The system manages the power for the load network with frequency and voltage regulation by the non‐ideal discrete proportional and resonant controller (PR). The fundamental component from the load current, is acquired using an adaptive digital filter, which improves the power quality. The utilization of buck‐boost converter with an optimum BES rating as related to the system, when it is linked directly at the VSC DC link. The system's operations at steady state and dynamic circumstances i.e. solar insolation change and load variation, load disconnection, are authenticated with test results on a developed prototype.
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