Reparation and Reconciliationis the first book to reveal the nineteenth-century struggle for racial integration on U.S. college campuses. As the Civil War ended, the need to heal the scars of ...slavery, expand the middle class, and reunite the nation engendered a dramatic interest in higher education by policy makers, voluntary associations, and African Americans more broadly. Formed in 1846 by Protestant abolitionists, the American Missionary Association united a network of colleges open to all, designed especially to educate African American and white students together, both male and female. The AMA and its affiliates envisioned integrated campuses as a training ground to produce a new leadership class for a racially integrated democracy. Case studies at three colleges--Berea College, Oberlin College, and Howard University--reveal the strategies administrators used and the challenges they faced as higher education quickly developed as a competitive social field.Through a detailed analysis of archival and press data, Christi M. Smith demonstrates that pressures between organizations--including charities and foundations--and the emergent field of competitive higher education led to the differentiation and exclusion of African Americans, Appalachian whites, and white women from coeducational higher education and illuminates the actors and the strategies that led to the persistent salience of race over other social boundaries.
Abstract
Standard audiometric evaluations are not sensitive enough to identify hidden hearing loss (HHL) and/or cochlear synaptopathy (CS). Patients with either of these conditions frequently present ...with difficulty understanding speech in noise or other complaints such as tinnitus. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify articles in peer-reviewed journals that assessed the sensitivity of audiologic measures for detecting HHL and/or CS, and which showed potential for use in a clinical test battery for these disorders. A reference librarian submitted specific boolean terminology to MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. The authors used a consensus approach with specially designed score sheets for the selection of titles, abstracts, and then articles for inclusion in the systematic review and for quality assessment. Fifteen articles were included in the systematic review. Seven articles involved humans; seven involved animals, and one study used both humans and animals. Results showed that pure-tone audiometry to 20 kHz, otoacoustic emissions, electrocochleography, auditory brainstem response (ABR), electrophysiological tests, speech recognition in noise with and without temporal distortion, interviews, and self-report measures have been used to assess HHL and/or CS. For HHL, ultra-high-frequency audiometry may help identify persons with sensory hair cell loss that does not show up on standard audiograms. Promising nonbehavioral measures for CS included ABR wave I amplitude, the summating potential-to-action potential ratio, and speech recognition in noise with and without temporal distortion. Self-report questionnaires also may help identify auditory dysfunction in persons with normal hearing.
Preclinical studies have shown that chronic alcohol abuse leads to alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota that are associated with behavior changes, physiological alterations, and ...immunological effects. However, such studies have been limited in their ability to evaluate the direct effects of alcohol-associated dysbiosis. To address this, we developed a humanized alcohol-microbiota mouse model to systematically evaluate the immunological effects of chronic alcohol abuse mediated by intestinal dysbiosis. Germ-free mice were colonized with human fecal microbiota from individuals with high and low Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores and bred to produce human alcohol-associated microbiota or human control-microbiota F1 progenies. F1 offspring colonized with fecal microbiota from individuals with high AUDIT scores had increased susceptibility to
and
pneumonia, as determined by increased mortality rates, pulmonary bacterial burden, and post-infection lung damage. These findings highlight the importance of considering both the direct effects of alcohol and alcohol-induced dysbiosis when investigating the mechanisms behind alcohol-related disorders and treatment strategies.
Intestinal dysbiosis increases susceptibility to infection through the alteration of metabolic profiles, which increases morbidity. Zinc (Zn) homeostasis in mammals is tightly regulated by 24 Zn ...transporters. ZIP8 is unique in that it is required by myeloid cells to maintain proper host defense against bacterial pneumonia. In addition, a frequently occurring ZIP8 defective variant (
rs13107325) is strongly associated with inflammation-based disorders and bacterial infection. In this study, we developed a novel model to study the effects of ZIP8-mediated intestinal dysbiosis on pulmonary host defense independent of the genetic effects. Cecal microbial communities from a myeloid-specific
knockout mouse model were transplanted into germ-free mice. Conventionalized ZIP8KO-microbiota mice were then bred to produce F1 and F2 generations of ZIP8KO-microbiota mice. F1 ZIP8KO-microbiota mice were also infected with
and pulmonary host defense was assessed. Strikingly, the instillation of pneumococcus into the lung of F1 ZIP8KO-microbiota mice resulted in a significant increase in weight loss, inflammation, and mortality when compared to F1 wild-type (WT)-microbiota recipients. Similar defects in pulmonary host defense were observed in both genders, although consistently greater in females. From these results, we conclude that myeloid Zn homeostasis is not only critical for myeloid function but also plays a significant role in the maintenance and control of gut microbiota composition. Further, these data demonstrate that the intestinal microbiota, independent of host genetics, play a critical role in governing host defense in the lung against infection. Finally, these data strongly support future microbiome-based interventional studies, given the high incidence of zinc deficiency and the rs13107325 allele in humans.
Examining the nineteenth-century struggle for racial integration on US college campuses, Christi M. Smith demonstrates that pressures between organisations and the emergent field of competitive ...higher education led to the differentiation and exclusion of African Americans, Appalachian whites and white women from coeducational higher education.
From Vice to Virtue Smith, Christi M.
Race and justice,
04/2016, Letnik:
6, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
While historians have documented the criminalization process of Blacks during the Jim Crow and Progressive Eras, few scholars include in their analyses the contemporaneous change in attitudes toward ...poor Whites. This study examines boundary processes and organizational activism in decriminalizing a particularly virulent and hypervisible series of violent events, the Appalachian feuds of the late 19th century. How are criminal acts committed by Whites rendered less criminal? Not only are Whites less likely to be brought before legal adjudication for criminal behavior, even when there is detailed evidence of their crimes, criminal acts can be made legitimate using redemption narratives that depict White violence as justifiable and even, as in the case here, indicative of a deeper moral worth. The decriminalization of Whites hinges on organized efforts by empowered actors to maintain and police racial boundaries. This article draws on independently collected archival materials including organizational records and financial reports, Board of Trustee records, interorganizational and private correspondence, and 727 newspaper articles.
This study examined the relationship between the Big Five personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) and level of job burnout among adult probation ...and parole officers in the United States, when controlling for gender, length of time on the job, and whether the probation and parole officer is office or field based. The focus of the study was identifying personality traits that were significantly predictive of probation officer burnout to ascertain if there was a primary personality trait associated with burnout. The study design was a non-experimental, correlational quantitative analysis utilizing hierarchical multiple regression to examine the relationship between the personality traits and burnout among a national sample population of adult probation and parole officers accessed from the American Probation and Parole Association. The sample included county, state, and federal level probation and parole officers and excluded supervisors, administrative officers, chiefs, and juvenile probation officers. Hypothesis testing indicated that Neuroticism was positively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion, Agreeableness was negatively correlated with Depersonalization and positively correlated with Personal Accomplishment, and Neuroticism was negatively associated with Personal Accomplishment. These findings are informative to the field of criminal justice and public safety because few studies have considered the inherent, individual level contributory factors on probation and parole officer burnout.
Elder Abuse Smith, Christi M.
The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
2014, 2014-01-22
Reference
Despite its emergence in the social policy and civil justice arenas more than a quarter of a century ago, there is no federally established definition for elder abuse and no single entity that ...collects and analyzes elder abuse data. Advances in health and wellness have resulted in an aging population that has more than tripled since 1900. The year 2011 marks the first year that the “baby boomers” will turn 65 years old. The “oldest old,” age 85 and older, is currently the fastest‐growing segment of the population. While it is impossible to accurately assess the number of elder abuse cases, prevalence studies indicate that more than 2 million elderly persons are victims of abuse or neglect each year. The abuse can be physical, sexual, emotional, or financial; it can occur in a variety of environments; and it can be at the hands of a loved one or a stranger. Even a single episode of neglect, mistreatment or abuse can have devastating and fatal consequences for a frail individual. Much further examination and continued investigation into the risk factors and markers of elder abuse are imperative to successfully combat and reduce harmful behaviors targeted toward the aging population.
During the 1890s the boundaries between the forms of higher education available to black and white students were drawn with increasing clarity. Colleges educating black students faced enormous ...financial pressure to focus on industrial education and minimize—or better yet, eliminate—the traditional liberal arts foundation of a college education. Berea’s administration proposed crossing these divides to offer industrial education to poor whites. The organizational differentiation strategy pursued by President William Goodell Frost ended Berea’s long-standing commitment to radical coeducation, but not without a fight by Berea students and alumni.
Frost was not the first Berea College president to encourage
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