Nanoparticle-mediated tumor magnetic induction hyperthermia has received tremendous attention. However, it has been a challenge to improve the efficacy at 42 °C therapeutic temperatures without ...resistance to induced thermal stress. Therefore, we designed a magnetic hydrogel nanozyme (MHZ) utilizing inclusion complexation between PEGylated nanoparticles and α-cyclodextrin, which can enhance tumor oxidative stress levels by generating reactive oxygen species through nanozyme-catalyzed reactions based on tumor magnetic hyperthermia. MHZ can be injected and diffused into the tumor tissue due to shear thinning as well as magnetocaloric phase transition properties, and magnetic heat generated by the Fe3O4 first gives 42 °C of hyperthermia to the tumor. Fe3O4 nanozyme exerts peroxidase-like properties in the acidic environment of tumor to generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by the Fenton reaction. The hyperthermia promotes the enzymatic activity of Fe3O4 nanozyme to produce more •OH. Simultaneously, •OH further damages the protective heat shock protein 70, which is highly expressed in hyperthermia to enhance the therapeutic effect of hyperthermia. This single magnetic nanoparticle exerts dual functions of hyperthermia and catalytic therapy to synergistically treat tumors, overcoming the resistance of tumor cells to induced thermal stress without causing severe side effects to normal tissues at 42 °C hyperthermia.
Using a panel of 79,841 Chinese firms over the period 2000–2007, we examine the extent to which liquidity constraints affect firms' assets growth. We find that state owned enterprises are not ...affected, while the availability of internal finance represents a binding constraint for the growth of private firms, especially those operating in coastal regions, with negligible foreign ownership. Thanks to their high productivity, cash flow is, however, so abundant for these firms that they are able to grow at a very fast rate, despite being discriminated against by financial institutions. Hence, well developed external capital markets may not always be needed for fast economic growth.
Interventions that can facilitate early diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) will facilitate early treatment and improve clinical outcomes but there has been concerns about additional ...medical costs to the health care system. An examination through a retina fundus photography by a non-specialist has been suggested as a potential cost-effective alternative to a direct examination by a specialist, but limited scientific data exists on the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for AMD. Our objective is to conduct an economic evaluation of various population-wide screening strategies for AMD among the South Korean population.
Using a Markov cohort model, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of four AMD screening strategies (opportunistic examination, opportunistic treatment, systematic photography, and systematic examination) in comparison with status quo (no screening) for South Korean adults. We projected a life time horizon to study a hypothetical cohort of 100,00 persons of age 40 with and without AMD at baseline. The outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained, cost from the societal perspective, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of each strategy. Interventions were evaluated at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 30,000,000 KRW ($27,538) per QALY gained. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to address the model uncertainty. Opportunistic examination was strongly dominated because it generated fewer expected QALYs but incurred greater expected cost than the other screening strategies. The mean lifetime expected costs were 289,013 KRW, 363,692 KRW, 9,351,964 KRW, and 12,309,783 KRW, and the mean QALYs gained were 37.73, 37.75, 40.47, 40.68, for no screening, opportunistic treatment, systematic photography, and systematic examination, respectively. The results were most sensitive to the utility weight of mild AMD, the probability of complication from treatment, the cost of being in mild AMD, and the probability of recovery from complication. After eliminating the two weakly dominated strategies, systematic photography was cost-effective at the ICER of 3,310,448 KRW per QALY in comparison to status quo.
Under the WTP threshold of 30,000,000 KRW per QALY, systematic photography is cost-effective for screening AMD in South Korean adults. Systematic examination by ophthalmologists generates more expected QALY and cost compared to systematic photography.
Fractional differential equation has been introduced to the financial theory, which presents new ideas and tools for the theoretical researches and the practical applications. In the work, an ...approximate semianalytical solution of the time-fractional European option pricing model is derived using the method of combining the enhanced technique of Adomian decomposition method with the finite difference method. And then the result is introduced in China’s financial market. The work makes every effort to test the feasibility of the fractional derivative model in the actual financial market.
The small RNA payload of mammalian sperm undergoes dramatic remodeling during development, as several waves of microRNAs and tRNA fragments are shipped to sperm during post-testicular maturation in ...the epididymis. Here, we take advantage of this developmental process to probe the function of the sperm RNA payload in preimplantation development. We generated zygotes via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using sperm obtained from the proximal (caput) versus distal (cauda) epididymis and then characterized the development of the resulting embryos. Embryos generated using caput sperm significantly overexpress multiple regulatory factors throughout preimplantation development, subsequently implant inefficiently, and fail soon after implantation. Remarkably, microinjection of purified cauda-specific small RNAs into caput-derived embryos not only completely rescued preimplantation molecular defects but also suppressed the post-implantation embryonic lethality phenotype. These findings reveal an essential role for small RNA remodeling during post-testicular maturation of mammalian sperm and identify a specific preimplantation gene expression program responsive to sperm-delivered microRNAs.
•Detailed molecular analysis of the effects of sperm RNAs on early mammalian development•Definitive identification of an essential role for sperm microRNAs in development•Zygotes generated by ICSI with proximal (caput) epididymis-derived sperm fail•Microinjection of cauda-specific sRNA into caput-derived embryos rescues lethality
Conine et al. take advantage of RNA repertoire changes across sperm maturation to examine sperm RNA payload function in embryonic development. Embryos generated using proximal epididymis-derived sperm exhibit altered gene regulation and fail to implant. Microinjection of microRNAs normally gained in the distal epididymis is sufficient to rescue these defects.
China's remarkable economic transition and capacity for dynamic growth has stunned the world. Throughout the period of economic reform, China has been moving towards the creation of a labour market. ...The scale of this transformation is unprecedented. New economic incentives, vast labour migration, draconian retrenchment of state workers, and sharply rising wage inequality are all characteristic of this unique transition. Drawing on more than a decade of survey-based research, the authors systematically document and analyse this important transformation. They use economic and sociological theory, institutional analysis and political economy to fully explain the causes, pressures, obstacles and consequences of the move towards a labour market in China. It is argued that much progress has been made towards the creation of a labour market but that the process is far from complete. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance//toc.html
We herein report the unprecedented synthesis of diverse biologically important aza‐heterocycles by employing sulfilimines as nitrene transfer reagents. This class of sulfur‐based aza‐ylides had not ...been successfully used for gold nitrene transfer before. This work contains an efficient generation of α‐imino gold carbenes by N−S cleavage of sulfilimines. These gold carbenes undergo C−H insertion, cyclopropanation, and nucleophilic attack to form indoles (44 examples), 3‐azabicyclo3.1.0hexan‐2‐imines (24 examples), and imidazoles (3 examples). Our study represents a unique gold‐catalyzed reaction between alkynes and sulfur ylides, and also includes the first aza‐heterocycle synthesis that proceeds by intermolecular nitrene transfer followed by cyclopropanation of the α‐imino gold carbenes. Moreover, an unexpected synthesis of 4‐acylquinolines (3 examples) from 2‐acylphenyl sulfilimines and propargylic silyl ether derivatives by a 1,2‐hydride shift onto the α‐imino gold carbene and a subsequent Mukaiyama aldol cyclization was discovered.
Golden diversity: Readily available sulfilimines were successfully applied as versatile nitrene transfer reagents. By trapping the resulting α‐imino gold carbenes with divergent functionalities, four different types of aza‐heterocycles (indoles, 3‐azabicyclo3.1.0hexan‐2‐imines, quinolines, and imidazoles) were prepared in high efficiency.
One influence analysis method of top management team and investment efficiency based on analytic hierarchy process and support vector machine model has been proposed to improve the influence analysis ...accuracy of top management team and investment efficiency under international accounting standard. Firstly, it takes A stock companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen between 2008 and 2011 as research objects and sets up influence model of top management team background feature for the relationship between accounting robustness and investment efficiency; secondly, based on analytic hierarchy process and support vector machine, it makes comprehensive consideration for the index weights of different influencing factors within investment efficiency impact evaluation system, which makes the prediction results more reasonable and realizes the accuracy of investment efficiency affecting evaluation analysis algorithm; lastly, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified through simulation experiment.
A national household survey for 2002, containing a specially designed module on subjective well-being, is used to estimate pioneering happiness functions in rural China. The variables that are ...predicted by economic theory to be important for happiness prove to be relatively unimportant. Our analysis suggests that we need to draw on psychology and sociology if we are to understand. Rural China is not a hotbed of dissatisfaction with life, possibly because most people are found to confine their reference groups to the village. Relative income within the village and relative income over time, both in the past and expected in the future, are shown to be important for current happiness, whereas current income is less so. Even amidst the poverty of rural China, attitudes, social comparisons and aspirations influence subjective well-being. The implications of the findings for the future and for policy are considered.
Survey data from urban China in 2002 show levels of life satisfaction to have been low, but not exceptionally so, by international comparison. Many of the determinants of life satisfaction in urban ...China appear comparable to those for people in other countries. These include, inter alia, unemployment, income, marriage, sex, health, and age. Communist Party membership and political participation raised life satisfaction. People appeared fairly satisfied with economic growth and low inflation, and this contributed to their overall life satisfaction. There was dissatisfaction over pollution, but this—like job insecurity—does not appear to have impacted on life satisfaction.
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