CO2 capture and storage technologies have been recognized as the primary option to mitigate the issue of climate change caused by the utilization of fossil fuels. In the last decades, several CO2 ...capture approaches have been developed, such as absorption, adsorption, membrane, cryogenic, hydrate and chemical looping combustion etc. However, the energy penalty is a general challenge for each technology. To overcome the disadvantages of standalone technology, the combination of two or more approaches (namely hybrid CO2 capture processes) has been considered as a potential option. In this work, the status and development of hybrid CO2 capture processes is presented in a classification of primary technology as absorption-based, adsorption-based, membrane-based and cryogenic-based. The detail configuration of each hybrid process is introduced. Simultaneously, the characteristics, advantages and potential challenges of each hybrid process are also summarized. Compared to the standalone methods, hybrid processes showed the superiority not only in CO2 recovery and energy penalty, but also in the installation investment. Therefore, hybrid processes can be a promising alternative to conventional CO2 capture technologies in future.
By encoding a group of small secretory peptides, the members of the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family play important roles in cell-to-cell communication to control the balance between ...stem cell proliferation and differentiation in plant development. Despite recent identification and characterization of members of this gene family in several plant species, little is known about its functional role in plants with fleshy fruits.
In total, fifteen CLE genes (SlCLE1-15) were identified from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Heinz-1706') genome and their multiple characters including phylogeny, gene structures, chromosome locations, conserved motifs and cis-elements in the promoter sequences, were analyzed. Real-time PCR analysis showed that 13 out of 15 identified SlCLE genes are transcribed and exhibit remarkably unique expression patterns among tissues and organs. In particular, SlCLE12, the homologue of Arabidopsis CLE41/44 gene, appears to be the dominant CLE gene in most of tested tissues with its maximum expression found in vascular tissues. Meanwhile, SlCLE1, 10, 13 exhibit specific but distinct expression in flower bud, root and shoot apex, respectively. More notably, several SlCLEs are dramatically regulated in their transcriptional levels during fruit development and ripening, indicating significant role these genes may potentially play in the critical physiological process. Upon the treatment with synthetic peptides corresponding to the 12-aa CLE domains of SlCLE 10, 12 and 13, tomato seedlings exhibit a clear reduction in root length to varying degrees.
This study provides a comprehensive genomic analysis of CLE gene family in tomato, a crop species with fleshy fruit. Differential expression patterns of various SlCLEs provide important insights into the functional divergence of CLE signaling cascade in Solanaceae species, especially their potential involvements in the regulation of fruit development and ripening.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a triple-benefit biotechnology for organic waste treatment, renewable production, and carbon emission reduction. In the process of anaerobic digestion, pH, temperature, ...organic load, ammonia nitrogen, VFAs, and other factors affect fermentation efficiency and stability. The balance between the generation and consumption of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the anaerobic digestion process is the key to stable AD operation. However, the accumulation of VFAs frequently occurs, especially propionate, because its oxidation has the highest Gibbs free energy when compared to other VFAs. In order to solve this problem, some strategies, including buffering addition, suspension of feeding, decreased organic loading rate, and so on, have been proposed. Emerging methods, such as bioaugmentation, supplementary trace elements, the addition of electronic receptors, conductive materials, and the degasification of dissolved hydrogen, have been recently researched, presenting promising results. But the efficacy of these methods still requires further studies and tests regarding full-scale application. The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of propionate generation, the metabolic pathways and the influencing factors during the AD process, and the recent literature regarding the experimental research related to the efficacy of various strategies for enhancing propionate biodegradation. In addition, the issues that must be addressed in the future and the focus of future research are identified, and the potential directions for future development are predicted.
Containing both AP2 domain and B3 domain, RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) transcription factors are involved in diverse functions in higher plants. A total of eight TsRAV genes were isolated from the ...genome of Thellungiella salsuginea and could be divided into two groups (A- and B-group) based on their sequence similarity. The mRNA abundance of all Thellungiella salsuginea TsRAVs followed a gradual decline during seed germination. In Thellungiella salsuginea seedling, transcripts of TsRAVs in the group A (A-TsRAVs) were gradually and moderately reduced by salt treatment but rapidly and severely repressed by ABA treatment. In comparison, with a barely detectable constitutive expression, the transcriptional level of TsRAVs in the group B (B-TsRAVs) exhibited a moderate induction in cotyledons when confronted with ABA. We then produced the "gain-of-function" transgenic Arabidopsis plants for each TsRAV gene and found that only 35S:A-TsRAVs showed weak growth retardation including reduced root elongation, suggesting their roles in negatively controlling plant growth. Under normal conditions, the germination process of all TsRAVs overexpressing transgenic seeds was inhibited with a stronger effect observed in 35S:A-TsRAVs seeds than in 35S:B-TsRAVs seeds. With the presence of NaCl, seed germination and seedling root elongation of all plants including wild type and 35S:TsRAVs plants were retarded and a more severe inhibition occurred to the 35S:A-TsRAV transgenic plants. ABA treatment only negatively affected the germination rates of 35S:A-TsRAV transgenic seeds but not those of 35S:B-TsRAV transgenic seeds. All 35S:TsRAVs transgenic plants showed a similar degree of reduction in root growth compared with untreated seedlings in the presence of ABA. Furthermore, the cotyledon greening/expansion was more severely inhibited 35S:A-TsRAVs than in 35S:B-TsRAVs seedlings. Upon water deficiency, with a wider opening of stomata, 35S:A-TsRAVs plants experienced a faster transpirational water loss than wild type and 35S:B-TsRAVs lines. Taken together, our results suggest that two groups of TsRAVs perform distinct regulating roles during plant growth and abiotic defense including drought and salt, and A-TsRAVs are more likely than B-TsRAVs to act as negative regulators in the above-mentioned biological processes.
Purpose
The study aimed to explore how grazing and mowing influence the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal nitrous oxide (N
2
O) production potential and identify the key soil factors driving N
2
O ...emissions from soil.
Methods
Three treatments: fence (no grazing or mowing), grazing, and mowing were set in a field-scale experiment. Total (TNEA and TDEA), fungal (FNEA and FDEA), bacterial (BNEA and BDEA), and archaeal (ANEA and ADEA) nitrification and denitrification enzyme activities were measured to compare the effect of grazing and mowing on the potential of N
2
O emission.
Results
The TC varied from 16.7 to 19.0 g kg
−1
and the TN content varied from 1.19 to 1.37 g kg
−1
during the growing season. The TNEA, TDEA, BNEA, and BDEA were significantly higher in summer (July) (
p
< 0.01), and in grazing than other treatments (
p
= 0.01). Archaeal nitrification enzyme activity (ANEA) was significantly higher in July (
p
< 0.01), but showed no difference among control, grazing, and mowing. Fungal nitrification enzyme activity (FNEA) showed no difference among all treatments and seasons. Fungi made a greater contribution to TNEA and TDEA in all seasons except to TNEA in summer.
Conclusions
Short-term grazing increased soil N
2
O production potential through stimulating the bacterial nitrification and denitrification in summer which was the peak growth period of grassland. Mowing did not affect the N
2
O production potential in all seasons, suggesting that the effect of grazing on the soil nitrogen cycle operated by microorganisms is more disturbance than mowing in this Inner Mongolia grassland.
我国农作物秸秆资源量大，种类丰富，分布范围广泛，碳含量高，具备良好的资源化潜力。利用秸秆制备的炭基肥是一种土壤肥力改良与修复材料，具有发达的孔隙结构、较高的比表面积和阳离子交换量，可有效提升土壤肥力和农作物产量，成为当下的研究热点。本文综述了我国秸秆资源分布特征、秸秆炭基肥的主要制备技术及其在土壤质地改良方面的研究进展，指出了炭基肥提升作物产量品质的效应，旨在为秸秆炭基肥在我国农业生产中大规模推广应用提供参考。 In China, straw resources have great potential for utilization owing to high yield, rich variety, wide distribution, and high carbon content. Straw carbon-based fertilizers can improve soil fertility and quality, and thereby increase crop yield, due to their high pore volume, specific surface area, and cation exchange capacity. This article summarizes the distribution characteristics of crop straw resources, the preparation techniques of straw carbon-based fertilizers, and their research progress in soil application in China. We aim to provide a reference for the application of straw carbon-based fertilizers in agricultural production in China.
We established a novel strategy for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide(rGO)@TiO
2
nanotube hybrids using an 18 W UV-assisted photo-catalytic reduction method for utilization as photo-anode of ...dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). The photo-conversion efficiency of DSSCs was significantly enhanced after the addition of rGO, and in addition, the photo-anode showed decreased internal resistance. Analysis of rGO@TiO
2
hybrids by transmissions scanning electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Raman spectra, N
2
adsorption and desorption, atomic force microscopy(AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) demonstrates that the rGO modified TiO
2
nanotubes can increase the short-circuit current and the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. The efficiency is improved by almost two folds as much compared to those of the bare TiO
2
nanotubes.
Sacbrood virus (SBV) is a picorna-like virus that affects honey bees (Apis mellifera) and results in the death of the larvae. Several procedures are available to detect Chinese SBV (CSBV) in clinical ...samples, but not to estimate the level of CSBV infection. The aim of this study was develop an assay for rapid detection and quantification of this virus. Primers and probes were designed that were specific for CSBV structural protein genes. A TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB) probe-based, fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR was established. The specificity, sensitivity and stability of the assay were assessed; specificity was high and there were no cross-reactivity with healthy larvae or other bee viruses. The assay was applied to detect CSBV in 37 clinical samples and its efficiency was compared with clinical diagnosis, electron microscopy observation, and conventional RT-PCR. The TaqMan MGB-based probe fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR for CSBV was more sensitive than other methods tested. This assay was a reliable, fast, and sensitive method that was used successfully to detect CSBV in clinical samples. The technology can provide a useful tool for rapid detection of CSBV. This study has established a useful protocol for CSBV testing, epidemiological investigation, and development of animal models.
Most previous work in music emotion recognition assumes a single or a few song-level labels for the whole song. While it is known that different emotions can vary in intensity within a song, ...annotated data for this setup is scarce and difficult to obtain. In this work, we propose a method to predict emotion dynamics in song lyrics
. We frame each song as a time series and employ a State Space Model (SSM), combining a sentence-level emotion predictor with an Expectation-Maximization (EM) procedure to generate the full emotion dynamics. Our experiments show that applying our method consistently improves the performance of sentence-level baselines without requiring any annotated songs, making it ideal for limited training data scenarios. Further analysis through case studies shows the benefits of our method while also indicating the limitations and pointing to future directions.
Display omitted
•Oily sludge releases multiple N/S/Cl pollutants during pyrolysis and combustion.•Database and releasing route of N/S/Cl pollutants were established.•Organic N/S/Cl functionalities in ...oily sludge contribute to majority of pollutants.•Combustion promotes destruction of organic fractions releasing at low temperature.
Pyrolysis and combustion have become effective technologies for oily sludge treatment. This paper firstly investigated N/S/Cl pollutants during pyrolysis and combustion of oily sludge in detail by thermogravimetry-mass spectrum (TG-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Combined with the distribution characteristics and contents of hazardous elements, the releasing routes were proposed. Three typical decomposition steps were observed: volatilization of water and little hydrocarbons below 200 °C, cracking of hydrocarbons approximately at 200–500 °C, transformation of inorganic compositions at the higher temperature. Double-direction transfer diffusion reaction model was employed with estimated apparent activation energy Ea of 41.97–66.59 kJ·mol−1 for pyrolysis and 52.02–62.42 kJ·mol−1 for combustion. The main pyrolytic products were alkanes and alkenes ranging from C9 to C21, which had the potential to be reused as diesel fuels. Slight amounts of S/Cl-containing species were detected in liquid products. Database of inorganic and organic N/S/Cl pollutants with larger molecules was established. Organic N/S/Cl functionalities in oily sludge contributed to the majority of N/S/Cl pollutants. NH3, HCN, HNCO, NO, NO2, CS2, SO2, CH3SH, HCl, and Cl2 were generated between 200 and 600 °C during pyrolysis process, which were much lower than the quantity of corresponding products from combustion. Oxygen-enriched atmosphere in combustion facilitated decomposition of organic fractions, and shifted release regions towards lower temperatures. The decomposition of amine-N functionality contributed to NH3 release below 200 °C. With temperature increasing, heterocyclic-N began to decompose and release abundant NH3, small amounts of HCN and HNCO. Aliphatic-S and disulfides-S contributed to the formation of H2S, COS, and CS2.
PDF
