Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000), the current study explored whether physical education (PE) students' psychological needs and their motivational regulations toward PE ...predicted mean differences and changes in effort in PE, exercise intentions, and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) over the course of one UK school trimester. One hundred and seventy-eight students (69% male) aged between 11 and 16 years completed a multisection questionnaire at the beginning, middle, and end of a school trimester. Multilevel growth models revealed that students' perceived competence and self-determined regulations were the most consistent predictors of the outcome variables at the within- and between-person levels. The results of this work add to the extant SDT-based literature by examining change in PE students' motivational regulations and psychological needs, as well as underscoring the importance of disaggregating within- and between-student effects.
Embedded in the self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) framework, we obtained self-report data from 418 paid and voluntary coaches from a variety of sports and competitive levels with the aim ...of exploring potential antecedents of coaches' perceived autonomy supportive and controlling behaviors. Controlling for socially desirable responses, structural equation modeling revealed that greater job security and opportunities for professional development, and lower work-life conflict were associated with psychological need satisfaction, which, in turn, was related to an adaptive process of psychological well-being and perceived autonomy support toward athletes. In contrast, higher work-life conflict and fewer opportunities for development were associated with a distinct maladaptive process of thwarted psychological needs, psychological ill-being, and perceived controlling interpersonal behavior. The results highlight how the coaching context may impact upon coaches' psychological health and their interpersonal behavior toward athletes. Moreover, evidence is provided for the independence of adaptive and maladaptive processes within the self-determination theory paradigm.
The purpose of this study was to synthesize findings from motivational climate interventions employing
Ames (1992a, 1992b) and
Epstein’s (1988, 1989) TARGET framework within school-based physical ...education contexts.
The present study employed a quantitative research synthesis design. Meta-analysis uses empirical studies to summarize past research by drawing overall conclusions from separate investigations. This research design highlights important and unsolved issues related to motivational climate interventions within physical education.
Standard meta-analytic procedures incorporating inclusion and exclusion criteria, literature search, coding procedures, and statistical methods were used to identify and synthesize 22 studies with 24 independent samples.
Cohen’s (1988) criteria for effect sizes were used to interpret and evaluate results.
There was an overall small positive treatment effect (
g
=
0.103) for groups exposed to mastery motivational climates. Outcome analyses identified the most consistent and largest overall treatment effects for behavioral outcomes (
g
=
0.39–0.49) followed by affective outcomes (
g
=
−0.27 to 0.59) and cognitive outcomes (
g
=
−0.25 to 0.32). Moderator analyses were directed by study heterogeneity and identified several trends in intervention features and study features with the most substantial trend for participant features as elementary students had the largest overall treatment effect (
g
=
0.41).
Outcome and moderator analyses identified several trends in methodological features, participant features, and study features that should be addressed in future physical education motivational climate interventions.
► Mastery motivational climates produced a small overall positive effect for students in physical education. ► Outcome analyses identified the largest effects in student behavioral responses. ► Moderator analyses produced no significant differences; however, several trends were present. ► Recommendations for future motivational climate interventions in physical education settings are based on outcome and moderator analyses.
In situ U–Pb geochronology has been performed via laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry on shocked apatite, titanite and zircon from the ~ 8-km-diameter Lac La Moinerie impact ...structure, Canada. The three analyzed phases are inherited from target rocks that were transformed to impact melt-bearing breccias and clast-laden impact melts. Apatite yields an array of U–Pb ratios populating a region between a younger regression with a refined age of 453 ± 5 Ma, and an older regression with a lower intercept age of 1708 ± 10 Ma. Titanite defines a younger regression with an age of 444 ± 15 Ma, and an older array with a lower intercept at 1844 ± 24 Ma. Zircon yields an upper intercept age of 1810 ± 13 Ma and a lower intercept age of 433 ± 21 Ma, within error of apatite and titanite. The oldest ages from all three phases define Paleoproterozoic igneous–metamorphic events in granitoid target rocks of the De Pas Suite. Isotopic resetting in apatite and titanite, with relatively high Pb-diffusion rates, was controlled by a combination of proximity to impact-generated superheated melt and the formation of fast diffusion pathways facilitated by shock effects and dynamic recrystallization. Zircon resetting was controlled by shock effects and metamictization, which resulted in significant Pb loss. We outline an approach for discriminating ‘true’ impact ages from metamict zircons with high common Pb that have experienced post-impact Pb loss. Lower intercept ages of all phases constrain the age of formation for the Lac La Moinerie impact structure, with apatite yielding the most precise age of 453 ± 5 Ma. With an age of 453 Ma, Lac La Moinerie joins a growing cluster of more than 12 terrestrial impact structures formed in the Middle-to-Late Ordovician, with potential connection to the L-chondrite parent body breakup event and a period of enhanced bombardment on Earth.
The purpose of the current study was to utilize the RE-AIM (i.e., reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) framework to evaluate the national-level scale-out of the Lawn ...Tennis Association's "Optimal Competition Parenting Workshop" (OCPW) across a 4-year period. During 2018, 65 workshops were run across the United Kingdom, 1,043 parents registered, and 933 parents attended. Adopting a quasi-experimental design, multilevel analyses revealed significant increases in parents' (n = 130) task goal orientation and competition tennis parenting efficacy, as well as significant decreases in ego goal orientation and unpleasant emotions. Children's perceptions of both mother- and father-initiated ego-involving motivational climate and their own ego goal orientation significantly decreased across time. From 2019 to 2021, a further 64 workshops were delivered to 1,110 parents with no significant differences in parents' satisfaction, enjoyment, instructor evaluation, or transfer intention over time when compared against workshop evaluations in 2018. Overall, the OCPW represents a well-received, practical, and effective brief intervention for enhancing parental involvement in junior tennis.
Research has demonstrated positive relationships between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and mathematics achievement in children, and this relationship may be mediated by spatial ability. Engaging ...in physical activity (PA) may also have positive outcomes on mathematics achievement; however, no study has investigated this network of relationships together. This study aimed to examine the relationship between PA and mathematics achievement, and the mediating effects of FMS and spatial abilities, in primary school children. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 182 children (aged 7 to 8 years old) across four schools in England. Objective moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels and subjective parental reports of their children's PA participation were collected. Children's FMS were assessed, along with their performance on four spatial ability tasks and a mathematics test. Mediation analyses revealed no significant mediation effects of FMS and spatial abilities on the positive significant relationship between MVPA and mathematics achievement; however, spatial ability partially mediated the relationship between FMS and mathematics achievement. These results suggest that FMS and spatial ability may not be related to MVPA in this network of relationships, but children with more mature FMS perform better in mathematics due to them performing better on specific spatial ability tasks.
The present study longitudinally explored sports coaches' psychological well-being (positive affect and integration of coaching with one's sense of self) and ill-being (negative affect and ...devaluation of coaching) as predictors of their perceived autonomy supportive and controlling interpersonal styles towards individuals under their instruction. Participants were 195 sport coaches who completed questionnaire measures at three time points across an eleven-month period. Controlling for social desirability, multilevel analyses revealed that within-person increases and individual differences in positive affect and integration were positively associated with autonomy support. Conversely, within-person increases and individual differences in negative affect, but not devaluation, were associated with increased use of interpersonal control. The indicators of well-being did not predict interpersonal control and the indicators of ill-being did not predict autonomy support. In their entirety, the present findings suggest that autonomy supportive and controlling interpersonal styles have unique correlates, and affective determinants may play a particularly central role in controlling interpersonal styles. Supporting the psychological health of coaches may lead them to create an adaptive interpersonal environment for their athletes.
•We assess sport coaches' psychological health and interpersonal behaviors.•Well-being (positive affect and integration) is associated with autonomy supportive behaviors.•Ill-being (negative affect) is associated with controlling behaviors.•Supporting coaches' psychological health is important for both coaches and athletes.
Resilience refers to findings that some individuals have good outcomes despite exposure to stressors, and protective factors are defined as influences that alter a person’s response to such ...stressors. Academic resilience research identifies factors that promote positive educational outcomes; however, no research to date investigates student resilience in the unique context of physical education. The current study sought to explore protective factors that alter secondary school students’ responses to the common stressors associated with physical education participation. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with six teachers and 54 students, and transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. In line with the conceptualisation of protective factors, higher-order themes of individual assets and environmental factors were identified. Individual assets included personality, cognitive factors (e.g. value of physical education activities) and behavioural factors (e.g. attending extra-curricular activities). Environmental factors included teacher and peer support and the relative importance of physical education promoted by the school and parents.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a novel online education program for British tennis parents and their experiences of engaging in the program. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods ...design, 13 parents completed pre- and post-program online questionnaires, and a subset of 9 participants shared their experiences via an asynchronous e-mail interview. Quantitative findings revealed positive directional changes for almost all of the variables in relation to emotional experiences, goal orientations, tennis parent efficacy, and general parenting efficacy. The contribution of the combined quantitative and qualitative findings and their practical implications are discussed.
In situ LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology has been performed on apatite and zircon within thermally recrystallized clast-laden and clast-poor impact melt rocks from the Brent impact structure. A total of ...377 laser analyses on 120 impact melt-grown (
n
= 9) and impact-recrystallized zircon grains (
n
= 111) were obtained, from which a concordia age of 452.8 ± 2.7 Ma (MSWD 0.57,
n
= 11), and a weighted average mean
206
Pb/
238
U age of 453.2 ± 2.9 Ma (MSWD 0.60) (
n
= 11) are calculated. A total of 300 laser analyses from 100 relict apatite grains were obtained, with an unanchored regression through all data yielding a lower intercept age of 453.2 ± 6.0 Ma (MSWD 5.8,
n
= 300), that overlaps within error of zircon.
207
Pb/
206
Pb ratios obtained from feldspar clasts within clast-laden impact melt retain the same initial Pb composition as the target rocks from which they are derived, while feldspars that crystallized from impact melt have
207
Pb/
206
Pb ratios indicative of isotopic re-equilibration between basement lithologies of two different ages. A similar variability in
207
Pb/
206
Pb is recorded by apatite. This provides evidence for the involvement of Neoproterozoic Lake Nipissing alkaline suite, as well as Mesoproterozoic Grenville gneisses in the production of impact melt at Brent. Recrystallized apatite grains exhibit enrichments in light rare earth elements (LREEs) along neoblast grain boundaries, indicative of trace element substitution and phase precipitation during impact-induced recrystallization. An age of 452.8 ± 2.7 Ma from zircon and 453.2 ± 6.0 Ma from apatite places the impact event in the Late Ordovician, at or near the Sandbian–Katian boundary, confirming Brent’s involvement in the Middle to Late Ordovician crater cluster event—a period of enhanced impactor flux to Earth related to the L-Chondrite parent body disruption.
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