Aviation is one of the types of transport which has a crucial role in the modern world and develops with unprecedent speed. As the number of flights tends to increase, the Air Traffic Management ...(ATM) system has to ensure the safety of these flights and effectiveness of them. The design and use of the European routes and use of the air route network are considered to be a major causal factor of flight inefficiencies in the continent. The present ATM system needs to be reorganised to satisfy airspace operator needs and maintain safety levels, because of the recent and future predicted traffic growth and not always satisfactory indicators of the efficiency of the ATM system.The airspace is currently fragmented along national borders that is why the efficiency of flights is not assured i.e. to perform flights along optimal trajectories avoiding delays, excessive fuel burn and emissions. One of the conditions for ATM system to be more effective is connection of the airspace blocks, into Functional Airspace Blocks (FAB), within which more efficient flight could be conducted based on more direct routes connecting entry and exit points of the FAB. According to the analysis on European and US ATM systems, where the European ATM system is the sum total of a large number of separate Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) whereas the US system is operated by a single ANSP, it was analysed and stated that the less fragmentation there is, the more efficient flights are.The focus of this paper is to show the differences between fixed routes and direct trajectories (Great Circle) in the Baltic FAB in terms of flight distance, fuel burn and emission.
The airspace is currently fragmented along national borders that is why the efficiency of flights is not assured i.e. to perform flights along optimal trajectories avoiding delays, excessive fuel burn and emissions. One of the conditions for ATM system to be more effective is connection of the airspace blocks, into Functional Airspace Blocks (FAB), within which more efficient flight could be conducted based on more direct routes connecting entry and exit points of the FAB.
According to the analysis on European and US ATM systems, where the European ATM system is the sum total of a large number of separate Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) whereas the US system is operated by a single ANSP, it was analysed and stated that the less fragmentation there is, the more efficient flights are.
The focus of this paper is to show the differences between fixed routes and direct trajectories (Great Circle) in the Baltic FAB in terms of flight distance, fuel burn and emission.
Santrauka
Aviacija – viena iš greitai augančių transporto šakų, kuri yra svarbi šiuolaikiniame moderniajame pasaulyje. Kadangi skrydžių nuolatos daugėja, oro eismo valdymo (OEV) sistema turi užtikrinti skrydžių saugą ir efektyvumą. Europos oro maršrutų išdėstymas ir naudojimas laikomi svarbiausiais skrydžių neefektyvumo veiksniais žemyne. Dėl esamo ir numatomo oro eismo augimo ir ne visados patenkinamų OEV sistemos efektyvumo rodiklių esama OEV sistema turi būti reorganizuota, siekiant užtikrinti oro erdvės naudotojų poreikius ir palaikyti reikalingą saugos lygį.Šiuo metu oro erdvė yra sudalyta pagal kiekvienos šalies valstybines ribas, dėl to skrydžių efektyvumas nėra optimalus, t. y. atliekami skrydžiai nevykdomi pagal optimalias trajektorijas vengiant užlaikymų, mažinant naudojamo kuro sąnaudas ir emisijas. Viena sąlyga, siekiant OEV sistemą padaryti efektyvesnę, – sujungti oro erdvės blokus į funkcinius oro erdvės blokus (FOEB), kur skrydžiai būtų vykdomi tiesesniais maršrutais tarp įskridimo ir išskridimo į FOEB taškų.Atlikus Europos OEV ir JAV sistemų analizę matyti, kad Europos OEV sistema susideda iš daugybės atskirtų oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjų, o JAV sistemą valdo vienas oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjas. Konstatuota, kad ten, kur fragmentacija mažesnė, skrydžių efektyvumas didesnis.Straipsnio tikslas – parodyti skirtumus tarp fiksuotųjų ir laisvųjų maršrutų Baltijos funkciniame oro erdvės bloke skrydžių atstumo, sunaudojamo kuro ir emisijų faktoriais.
Current research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) shows a lot of interest in autonomous UAV navigation. This interest is mainly driven by the necessity to meet the rules and restrictions for small ...UAV flights that are issued by various international and national legal organizations. In order to lower these restrictions, new levels of automation and flight safety must be reached. In this paper, a new method for ground obstacle avoidance derived by using UAV navigation based on the Dubins paths algorithm is presented. The accuracy of the proposed method has been tested, and research results have been obtained by using Software-in-the-Loop (SITL) simulation and real UAV flights, with the measurements done with a low cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensor. All tests were carried out in a three-dimensional space, but the height accuracy was not assessed. The GNSS navigation data for the ground obstacle avoidance algorithm is evaluated statistically.
This work reviews the innovative and progressive methods of determination and analysis of safety objectives using Vilnius A-SMGCS example. The aim of the analysis is to determine how failures in this ...system could affect flight safety in Vilnius aerodrome.
Identified safety objectives will limit the frequency of occurrence of hazards enough for the associated risk to be acceptable, and will ensure that appropriate mitigation means are reflected subsequently as Safety Requirements for the system.
Analysis reflects aspects of A-SMGCS Safety objectives, which should be taken into consideration.
Santrauka
Darbe apžvelgiami progresyvūs saugos tikslų analizės metodai pagal Vilniaus aerodromo automatizuotos antžeminio eismo stebėjimo ir kontrolės sistemos veiklos pavyzdį. Analizuojama, kaip šios sistemos sutrikimai gali paveikti skrydžių saugą Vilniaus aerodrome. Remiantis galimų pavojų skrydžių saugai analize, tyrime nustatyti saugos tikslai, pagal kuriuos vėliau bus numatomos riziką mažinančios priemonės (galimų pavojų neutralizavimui ar kylančios rizikos sumažinimui iki priimtino lygio). Straipsnyje pateikiami veiksniai, kuriuos reikėtų įvertinti nustatant aerodromo automatizuotos antžeminio eismo stebėjimo ir kontrolės sistemos saugos tikslus.
The primary aim of this paper is to consider difficulties related to the possible shortage of Lithuanian airspace structure capacity.
In order to ensure that sufficient capacity is in place, current ...situation and modeling of possible changes must be continuously analyzed.
For this reason the optimization project of the Lithuanian airspace structure is being performed. The result of this project is the regional implementation of a new airspace structure which ensures the short and medium term needs and is fully in line with the possible future changes related to the functional airspace block (FAB).
The paper also examines future perspectives of this new structure.
Santrauka
Pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti Lietuvos oro erdvės pralaidumą. Siekiant užtikrinti reikiamą oro erdvės pralaidumą, turi būti nuolat vertinama esama situacija bei modeliuojami galimi oro erdvės struktūros pokyčiai.
Tuo tikslu yra vykdomas Lietuvos oro erdvės reorganizavimo projektas. Šio projekto rezultatas – nauja oro erdvės struktūra, kuri užtikrintų trumpalaikius ir vidutinės trukmės poreikius bei atitiktų galimus ateityje oro erdvės struktūros pakeitimus, susijusius su funkcinių oro erdvės blokų (FAB) diegimu regione.
While carrying out pilot-student flight analysis, it was observed that there is a scarcity of means designed to allow fast and convenient analysis and evaluation of pilot-student flights in airspace. ...Most of the free navigation tools available are more adapted for on-ground navigation analysis (height and vertical speed information are not always displayed). Various software programmes can display different flight information; however, it is difficult to relate the different data parameters and compare them. Thus, the aim of the study is to resolve these problems by offering to pilots-instructors a convenient interactive aeronautical chart.
This paper shows mathematical results of three methods, which can be used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to make transition from one flight leg to another. In paper, we present general equations, ...which can be used for generating waypoint-switching methods when for experiment purpose mathematical UAV model is used. UAV is modelled as moving dot, which eliminates all of the aerodynamics factors and we can concentrate only on the navigation problems. Lots of attention is dedicated to show possible flight path error values with representation of modelled flight path trajectories and deviations from the flight mission path. All of the modelled flight missions are done in two-dimensional space and all the results are evaluated by looking at Probability Density Function (PDF) values, as we are mostly interested in the probability of the error.
This article analyses the determination of a rising thermal flow with assistance of an artificial neural network. Input data for the artificial neural network are derived from aircraft navigation ...equipment. The output data of the artificial neural network is the assessment of rising or descending airflow conducted in real time. Simulation is carried out in idealised conditions. The simulation revealed the dependence of absolute error on the vertical air speed component and the aircraft's aerodynamic parameters.
Santrauka
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas kylančio oro srauto aptikimas naudojant dirbtinių neuronų tinklus. Dirbtinių neuronų tinklų įėjimo duomenys yra gaunami iš orlaivio navigacinės įrangos. Dirbtinių neuronų tinklų išėjimo duomenys kylančio arba besileidžiančio oro srauto įvertinimas vykdomas realiuoju laiku. Modeliuojama idealizuotomis sąlygomis. Modeliuojant nustatyta santykinės paklaidos priklausomybė nuo oro srauto greičio vertikaliojo sando dydžio ir aerodinaminių orlaivio parametrų.
This article examines and shows mathematical results of classical algorithm, which is used for small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) navigation. The research is done with mathematical UAV model, which ...eliminates aerodynamics while the chosen flight path is followed by using vector field method. Lots of attention is dedicated to show possible flight path error values with representation of modelled flight path trajectories and deviations from the flight mission path. All of the modelled flight missions are done in two-dimensional space and all of the collected data with flight path error values are evaluated statistically. The most possible theoretical flight path error values are found and the general flight path error tendencies are predicted.
EUROCONTROL aims at improving the design and use of the European routes. Inefficiencies in the design of airspace and use of the air route network are considered to be a major causal factor of flight ...inefficiencies in Europe. The European ATM system is the sum total of a large number of separate Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) whereas the US system is operated by a single ANSP. Airspace fragmentation following National Borders makes flight routes inefficient due to non requested air routes, flight time, excessive fuel burn, CO and NOx emissions. That is the reason why airspace and the fixed route network should be reorganised to satisfy airspace operator needs and maintain required safety levels.The focus of the paper is to show the differences between planned flights and actual trajectories in terms of flight distance, duration and fuel burn. In connection with this, an overview of these indicators in Europe and the USA was made.
EUROCONTROL siekia pagerinti Europos maršrutų planus ir jų naudojimą. Neefektyvus oro erdvės planų ir oro maršrutinio tinklo naudojimas laikomas viena pagrindinių Europos skrydžių neefektyvumo priežasčių. Europos oro eismo valdymo (angl. ATM) sistema sudaryta iš daugelio atskirų oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjų (angl. ANSP), o JAV sistema valdoma vieno oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjo. Oro erdvės susiskirstymas pagal valstybių ribas daro skrydžio maršrutus neefektyvius dėl nepareikalautų oro maršrutų, skrydžio laiko, per didelio kuro sunaudojimo, CO ir NOx išsiskyrimo. Štai kodėl reikėtų pertvarkyti oro erdvę ir fiksuotų maršrutų tinklą, norint patenkinti oro erdvės operatorių poreikius ir išlaikyti reikalingą saugumo lygį. Šio straipsnio tikslas – parodyti skirtumus tarp suplanuotų skrydžių ir realių trajektorijų, įvertinant skrydžio atstumą, trukmę ir kuro sunaudojimą. Be to, buvo padaryta šių rodiklių apžvalga Europos ir JAV mastu.
This article deals with the various aspects of automatic pilot flight assessment system methods. Different types of flight corridors are examined: circling, left and right superelevation drawing ...(number eight), and others. The advantages and disadvantages of each of them are discussed. Limit line calculations of the corridor turns are presented. The aim is to develop new flight assessment methods.
PDF
