•Phenolics in the fruits of two diploid strawberries were characterised for the first time.•The changes of anthocyanin composition during fruit development are studied.•Unique phenolic compounds were ...found compared to the regular octoploid strawberry.
Phenolic compounds in the fruits of two diploid strawberries (Fragaria vesca f. semperflorens) inbred lines-Ruegen F7-4 (a red-fruited genotype) and YW5AF7 (a yellow-fruited genotype) were characterised using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMSn). The changes of anthocyanin composition during fruit development and between Ruegen F7-4 and YW5AF7 were studied. About 67 phenolic compounds, including taxifolin 3-O-arabinoside, glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, ellagic acid derivatives, and other flavonols were identified in these two inbred lines. Compared to the regular octoploid strawberry, unique phenolic compounds were found in F. vesca fruits, such as taxifolin 3-O-arabinoside (both) and peonidin 3-O-malonylglucoside (Ruegen F7-4). The results provide the basis for comparative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in yellow and red diploid strawberries, as well as with the cultivated octoploid strawberries.
An UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MSn profiling method was used for a comprehensive study of the phenolic components of red mustard greens (Brassica juncea Coss variety) and identified 67 anthocyanins, 102 ...flavonol glycosides, and 40 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The glycosylation patterns of the flavonoids were assigned on the basis of direct comparison of the parent flavonoid glycosides with reference compounds. The putative identifications were obtained from tandem mass data analysis and confirmed by the retention time, elution order, and UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra. Further identifications were made by comparing the UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MSn data with those of reference compounds in the polyphenol database and in the literature. Twenty-seven acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides, 24 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides, 3 acylated cyanidin triglucoside-5-glucosides, 37 flavonol glycosides, and 10 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected for the first time in brassica vegetables. At least 50 of them are reported for the first time in any plant materials.
► Complex nanoparticles have spherical shape with particle size around 100nm. ► Carboxymethyl chitosan coating improves encapsulation and controlled release. ► Encapsulation inhibits the ...oligomerization of indole-3-carbinol. ► Encapsulation significantly enhanced thermal- and photo-stabilities of I3C and DIM.
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) are two bioactive compounds from Cruciferous vegetables. The stability of these compounds is a major challenge for their pharmaceutical applications. In this study, zein and zein/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanoparticles were prepared to encapsulate I3C and DIM by a combined liquid–liquid phase separation and ionic gelation method. After zein nanoparticles were coated with CMCS, the zeta potential was decreased from around −10 to −20mV, and encapsulation efficiency was greatly improved. Both nanoparticle formulations provided controlled release of I3C and DIM in PBS medium. Zein and zein/CMCS nanoparticles demonstrated similar protection for both I3C and DIM against ultraviolet (UV) light, attributed mainly to the contribution of the zein protein. Compared with zein nanoparticles, zein/CMCS nanoparticles exhibited better protection of I3C against degradation and better inhibition against its oligomerization to DIM under thermal condition (37°C). Based on our results, the encapsulation of hydrophobic bioactives in zein/CMCS nanoparticles is a promising approach to improve their stability against harsh conditions and provide controlled release for food/pharmaceutical applications.
Two diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) inbred lines, Ruegen F7-4 (red fruit-bearing) and YW5AF7 (yellow fruit-bearing) were used to study the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ...fruit. Ruegen F7-4 fruit had similar total phenolics and anthocyanin contents to commercial octoploid (F. × ananassa) cultivar Seascape, while YW5AF7 exhibited relatively low total phenolics content and no anthocyanin accumulation. Foliar spray of CaCl2 boosted fruit total phenolics content, especially anthocyanins, by more than 20% in both Seascape and RF7-4. Expression levels of almost all the flavonoid pathway genes were comparable in Ruegen F7-4 and YW5AF7 green-stage fruit. However, at the turning and ripe stages, key anthocyanin structural genes, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H1), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR2), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS1), and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT1), were highly expressed in Ruegen F7-4 compared with YW5AF7 fruit. Calcium treatment further stimulated the expression of those genes in Ruegen F7-4 fruit. Anthocyanins isolated from petioles of YW5AF7 and Ruegen F-7 had the same HPLC–DAD profile, which differed from that of Ruegen F-7 fruit anthocyanins. All the anthocyanin structural genes except FvUGT1 were detected in petioles of YW5AF7 and Ruegen F-7. Taken together, these results indicate that the “yellow” gene in YW5AF7 is a fruit specific regulatory gene(s) for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Calcium can enhance accumulation of anthocyanins and total phenolics in fruit possibly via upregulation of anthocyanin structural genes. Our results also suggest that the anthocyanin biosynthesis machinery in petioles is different from that in fruit.
•Total anthocyanins were analyzed for red- and yellow-bearing strawberry fruits.•Expression patterns of flavonoid genes were characterized during fruit ripening.•Non-fruit tissue and fruit have different mechanics for anthocyanin biosynthesis.•Calcium spray can boost total phenolics and anthocyanin contents by over 20%.•Calcium treatment stimulates the key genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Brassica vegetables are known to contain relatively high concentrations of bioactive compounds associated with human health. A comprehensive profiling of polyphenols from five Brassica species ...microgreens was conducted using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n)). A total of 164 polyphenols including 30 anthocyanins, 105 flavonol glycosides, and 29 hydroxycinnamic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were putatively identified.The putative identifications were based on UHPLC-HRMS(n) analysis using retention times, elution orders, UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra, and an in-house polyphenol database as well as literature comparisons. This study showed that these five Brassica species microgreens could be considered as good sources of food polyphenols.
American ginseng (
Panax quinquefolius
) is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the world. Discriminating between
P. quinquefolius
grown in different countries is difficult using ...traditional quantitation methods. In this study, a liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry fingerprint combined with chemometric analysis was established to discriminate between American ginseng grown in the USA and China. Fifteen American ginseng samples grown in Wisconsin and 25 samples grown in China were used. The chromatographic fingerprints, representing the chemical compositions of the samples, made it possible to distinguish samples from the two locations. In addition, it was found that some ginsenosides varied widely from
P. quinquefolius
cultivated in these two countries.
P. quinquefolius
grown in the USA is higher in ginsenoside R
c
, ginsenoside R
d
, quinquenoside III/pseudo-ginsenoside RC
1
, malonyl ginsenoside R
b1
, and ginsenoside R
b2
, but lower in ginsenoside R
b1
compared with
P. quinquefolius
grown in China. These ginsenosides may be responsible for the class separation seen using fingerprinting and chemometric approaches.
Dietary supplements based on an extract from Irvingia gabonensis (African mango, AM) seeds are one of the popular herbal weight loss dietary supplements in the U.S. market. The extract is believed to ...be a natural and healthy way to lose weight and improve overall health. However, the chemical composition of AM-based dietary supplements (AMDSs) has never been reported. In this study, the chemical constituents of AM seeds, AM seeds extract (AMSE), and different kinds of commercially available AMDSs have been investigated using an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry method. Ellagic acid, mono-, di-, and tri-O-methyl-ellagic acids, and their glycosides were found as major components in AM seeds. These compounds may be used for quality control of AM extract and related dietary supplements.
American ginseng (
L.) has been recognized as a valuable herb medicine, and ginsenosides are the most important components responsible for the health-beneficial effects. This study investigated the ...secondary metabolites responsible for the differentiation of wild and cultivated American ginsengs with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomic approach. An in-house ginsenoside library was developed to facilitate data processing and metabolite identification. Data visualization methods, such as heatmaps and volcano plots, were utilized to extract discriminated ion features. The results suggested that the ginsenoside profiles of wild and cultivated ginsengs were significantly different. The octillol (OT)-type ginsenosides were present in greater abundance and diversity in wild American ginsengs; however, a wider distribution of the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and oleanolic acid (OA)-type ginsenosides were found in cultivated American ginseng. Based on the tentative identification and semi-quantification, the amounts of five ginsenosides (i.e., notoginsenoside H, glucoginsenoside Rf, notoginsenoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT2, and ginsenoside Rc) were 2.3-54.5 fold greater in wild ginseng in comparison to those in their cultivated counterparts, and the content of six ginsenosides (chicusetsusaponin IVa, malonylginsenoside Rd, pseudoginsenoside Rc1, malonylfloralginsenoside Rd6, Ginsenoside Rd, and malonylginsenoside Rb1) was 2.6-14.4 fold greater in cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng. The results suggested that the in-house metabolite library can significantly reduce the complexity of the data processing for ginseng samples, and UHPLC-HRMS is effective and robust for identifying characteristic components (marker compounds) for distinguishing wild and cultivated American ginseng.
► We developed an UHPLC method that can separate corynanthine from yohimbine. ► Analysis of yohimbe bark and dietary supplements revealed quality problems. ► Quantitation of yohimbine by itself is ...not sufficient for dietary supplement quality control. ► Combination of quantitation and fingerprinting analysis is needed.
A practical ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method was developed for fingerprint analysis of and determination of yohimbine in yohimbe barks and related dietary supplements. Good separation was achieved using a Waters Acquity BEH C
18 column with gradient elution using 0.1% (v/v) aqueous ammonium hydroxide and 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol as the mobile phases. The study is the first reported chromatographic method that separates corynanthine from yohimbine in yohimbe bark extract. The chromatographic fingerprint analysis was applied to the analysis of 18 yohimbe commercial dietary supplement samples. Quantitation of yohimbine, the traditional method for analysis of yohimbe barks, were also performed to evaluate the results of the fingerprint analysis. Wide variability was observed in fingerprints and yohimbine content among yohimbe dietary supplement samples. For most of the dietary supplements, the yohimbine content was not consistent with the label claims.
The water and ethanol extracts of huangqin, the roots of
Georgi. with potential antiviral properties and antioxidant activities, were investigated for their chemical profiles and their abilities to ...interfere with the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2, inhibiting ACE2 activity and scavenging free radicals. A total of 76 compounds were tentatively identified from the extracts. The water extract showed a greater inhibition on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2, but less inhibition on ACE2 activity than that of the ethanol extract on a per botanical weight concentration basis. The total phenolic content was 65.27 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry botanical and the scavenging capacities against HO
, DPPH
, and ABTS
were 1369.39, 334.37, and 533.66 µmol trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry botanical for the water extract, respectively. These values were greater than those of the ethanol extract, with a TPC of 20.34 mg GAE/g, and 217.17, 10.93, and 50.21 µmol TE/g against HO
, DPPH
, and ABTS
, respectively. The results suggested the potential use of huangqin as a functional food ingredient in preventing COVID-19.
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