Junction function: All‐organic isotype heterojunctions are formed through the band alignment of polymeric carbon nitride semiconductors (CN and CNS, see scheme), improving the efficiency of charge ...separation and prolonging the lifetime of charge carriers. These polymeric heterostructures demonstrate an excellent performance for heterogeneous photocatalysis, as shown in a hydrogen‐generation assay.
In the self‐assembly of PdII ions and two different, but similarly shaped, ligands (1 and 2), neither random mixing nor self‐sorting of the two ligands into two unmixed structures was observed. ...Instead a mixed, yet sorted, Pd12(1)12(2)12 cantellated tetrahedron (and its pseudoisomer) was selectively formed, thus revealing a fine example of intramolecular self‐sorting. A case study showed that a homothetic ratio of >2 is necessary to observe cantellated tetrahedra.
Intramolecular self‐sorting: The complexation of PdII ions with two similarly shaped ligands with distinctly different bridging lengths has generated a Pd12(L1)12(L2)12 cantellated tetrahedron and its pseudoisomer in which the two ligands are mixed but are regularly mapped onto the polyhedral framework. A study showed that a homothetic ratio of >2 is necessary to observe cantellated tetrahedra.
Here an excellent trimodality imaging‐guided synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT)/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is proposed. To this end, a mixed‐metal Cu/Zn‐metal‐organic ...framework (MOF) is first assembled at room temperature on a nano‐scale. Interestingly, heating the MOF results in a Cu+/2+‐coexisting hollow porous structure. Subsequent heating treatment is used to integrate Mn2+ and MnO2 in the presence of manganese(II) acetylacetonate. The hollow composite achieves efficient loading of a photosensitizer, indocyanine green (ICG). Under laser irradiation, the aggregated ICG achieves photothermal imaging and PTT. Once released in the tumor site, ICG exhibits fluorescence imaging and PDT capacity. Cu+/Mn2+ ions perform Fenton‐like reaction with H2O2 to produce cytotoxic •OH for the enhanced CDT. Cu2+/MnO2 scavenge glutathione to improve the reactive oxygen species‐based therapy, while the formed Mn2+ ions enable “turn on” magnetic resonance imaging. Significantly, O2 is produced from the catalytic decomposition of endogenous H2O2 to improve ICG‐mediated PDT. Moreover, photothermal‐induced local hyperthermia accelerates •OH generation to enhance CDT. This synergistic drug‐free antitumor strategy realizes high treatment efficacy and low side effects on normal tissues. Thus, this mixed‐metal MOF is an efficient strategy to realize hollow structures for multi‐function integration to improve therapeutic capacity.
A mixed‐metal metal‐organic framework strategy is proposed to form a hollow structure, integrating mixed‐metals with mixed‐valences, and loading indocyanine green. The composite enables photothermal/magnetic resonance/fluorescence imaging‐guided photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and chemodynamic therapy. High therapeutic efficiency and negligible side effects are realized as non‐drug treatment.
Although the energy consumption of reported neuromorphic computing devices inspired by biological systems has become lower than traditional memory, it still remains greater than bio‐synapses (≈10 fJ ...per spike). Herein, a flexible MoS2‐based heterosynapse is designed with two modulation modes, an electronic mode and a photoexcited mode. A one‐step mechanical exfoliation method on flexible substrate and low‐temperature atomic layer deposition process compatible with flexible electronics are developed for fabricating wearable heterosynapses. With a pre‐spike of 100 ns, the synaptic device exhibits ultralow energy consumption of 18.3 aJ per spike in long‐term potentiation and 28.9 aJ per spike in long‐term depression. The ultrafast speed and ultralow power consumption provide a path for a neuromorphic computing system owning more excellent processing ability than the human brain. By adding optical modulation, a modulatory synapse is constructed to dynamically control correlations between pre‐ and post‐synapses and realize complex global neuromodulations. The novel wearable heterosynapse expands the accessible range of synaptic weights (ratio of facilitation ≈228%), providing an insight into the application of wearable 2D highly efficient neuromorphic computing architectures.
A flexible MoS2‐based heterosynapse is designed with electronic and photoexcited modes. With an ultrafast pre‐spike of 100 ns, the synaptic device exhibits ultralow energy consumption of 18.3 aJ per spike in long‐term potentiation and 28.9 aJ per spike in long‐term depression. The ultrafast speed and ultralow power consumption pave the way for a computing system owning more excellent processing ability than the human brain.
With the development and application of artificial intelligence, there is an appeal to the exploitation of various sensors and memories. As the most important perception of human beings, vision ...occupies more than 80% of all the received information. Inspired by biological eyes, an artificial retina based on 2D Janus MoSSe was fabricated, which could simulate functions of visual perception with electronic/ion and optical comodulation. Furthermore, inspired by human brain, sensing, memory, and neuromorphic computing functions were integrated on one device for multifunctional intelligent electronics, which was beneficial for scalability and high efficiency. Through the formation of faradic electric double layer (EDL) at the metal-oxide/electrolyte interfaces could realize synaptic weight changes. On the basis of the optoelectronic performances, light adaptation of biological eyes, preprocessing, and recognition of handwritten digits were implemented successfully. This work may provide a strategy for the future integrated sensing-memory-processing device for optoelectronic artificial retina perception application.
With the rapid development of information technology in recent years, the country’s information reform in the field of education is advancing gradually. As the first link in the chain of lifelong ...education, the development of early childhood education informatization has become an essential component of the national education informatization construction. In order to better realize the gamification of early childhood education courses and strengthen the management and deepening of course resources, this paper analyzes the significance of the application of children’s games in teaching and the significance of the application of new media resources in children’s course games by combining the actual situation of education and the teaching advantages of new media resources. The paper studies the application of early childhood education teaching and the research on the development of gamification in early childhood education courses. In light of the fact that emerging preschool education products on the market cannot fully meet the requirements of preschool education informatization construction at the level of function and technology, this paper proposes a preschool education system based on mobile applications as well as a child-appropriate recommendation algorithm based on a multiattention mechanism. Experiments conducted on public data sets demonstrate that our algorithm is considerably superior to the benchmark algorithm.
Lanthanide supramolecular chemistry is a fast growing and intriguing research field due to the unique photophysical, magnetic, and coordination properties of lanthanide ions (LnIII). Compared with ...the intensively investigated mononuclear Ln-complexes, polymetallic lanthanide supramolecular assemblies offer more structural superiority and functional advantages. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in polynuclear lanthanide supramolecules, varying from structural evolution to luminescent and magnetic functional materials. This review summarizes the design principles in ligand-induced coordination-driven self-assembly of polynuclear Ln-structures and intends to offer guidance for the construction of more elegant Ln-based architectures and optimization of their functional performances. Design principles concerning the water solubility and chirality of the lanthanide-organic assemblies that are vital in extending their applications are emphasized. The strategies for improving the luminescent properties and the applications in up-conversion, host–guest chemistry, luminescent sensing, and catalysis have been summarized. Magnetic materials based on supramolecular assembled lanthanide architectures are given in an individual section and are classified based on their structural features. Challenges remaining and perspective directions in this field are also briefly discussed.
Container-molecules are attractive to chemists due to their unique structural characteristics comparable to enzymes and receptors in nature. We report here a family of artificial self-assembled ...macrocyclic containers that feature induced-fit transformations in response to different anionic guests. Five metal-organic macrocycles with empirical formula of M
L
(M=Metal; L=Ligand; n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7) are selectively obtained starting from one simple benzimidazole-based ligand and square-planar palladium(II) ions, either by direct anion-adaptive self-assembly or induced-fit transformations. Hydrogen-bonding interactions between the inner surface of the macrocycles and the anionic guests dictate the shape and size of the product. A comprehensive induced-fit transformation map across all the M
L
species is drawn, with a representative reconstitution process from Pd
L
to Pd
L
traced in detail, revealing a gradual ring-shrinking mechanism. We envisage that these macrocyclic molecules with adjustable well-defined hydrogen-bonding pockets will find wide applications in molecular sensing or catalysis.
Negative capacitance (NC) GeSn pFETs integrated with HfZrO x (HZO) ferroelectric film is demonstrated with sub-20 mV/decade subthreshold swing (SS) over two orders of magnitude of IDS. The ratio of ...remnant polarization to coercivity in HZO is significantly improved with the increasing of the annealing temperature from 400°C to 500°C, which contributes to the effective reduction of hysteresis in ferroelectric NC GeSn transistors. Ferroelectric NC GeSn pFET annealed at 500°C achieves a hysteresis of 70 mV while maintaining a steep SS dramatically lower than 60 mV/decade, and an improved IDS over control device without HZO.
Brain innate immunity is vital for maintaining normal brain functions. Immune homeostatic imbalances play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease ...(PD). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of brain innate immunity and their significance in PD pathogenesis are still largely unknown.
Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor (iDTR) and diphtheria toxin-mediated cell ablation was performed to investigate the impact of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) glia on the brain innate immunity. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in mouse brain with ablated NG2 glia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory response in the presence or absence of NG2 glia. The survival of dopaminergic neurons or glial cell activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Co-cultures of NG2 glia and microglia were used to examine the influence of NG2 glia to microglial activation.
We show that NG2 glia are required for the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the brain via transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2)-CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling, which suppresses the activation of microglia. We demonstrate that mice with ablated NG2 glia display a profound downregulation of the expression of microglia-specific signature genes and remarkable inflammatory response in the brain following exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharides. Gain- or loss-of-function studies show that NG2 glia-derived TGF-β2 and its receptor TGFBR2 in microglia are key regulators of the CX3CR1-modulated immune response. Furthermore, deficiency of NG2 glia contributes to neuroinflammation and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in MPTP-induced mouse PD model.
These findings suggest that NG2 glia play a critical role in modulation of neuroinflammation and provide a compelling rationale for the development of new therapeutics for neurological disorders.