Identifying the genetic changes driving adaptive variation in natural populations is key to understanding the origins of biodiversity. The mosaic of mimetic wing patterns in Heliconius butterflies ...makes an excellent system for exploring adaptive variation using next-generation sequencing. In this study, we use a combination of techniques to annotate the genomic interval modulating red color pattern variation, identify a narrow region responsible for adaptive divergence and convergence in Heliconius wing color patterns, and explore the evolutionary history of these adaptive alleles. We use whole genome resequencing from four hybrid zones between divergent color pattern races of Heliconius erato and two hybrid zones of the co-mimic Heliconius melpomene to examine genetic variation across 2.2 Mb of a partial reference sequence. In the intergenic region near optix, the gene previously shown to be responsible for the complex red pattern variation in Heliconius, population genetic analyses identify a shared 65-kb region of divergence that includes several sites perfectly associated with phenotype within each species. This region likely contains multiple cis-regulatory elements that control discrete expression domains of optix. The parallel signatures of genetic differentiation in H. erato and H. melpomene support a shared genetic architecture between the two distantly related co-mimics; however, phylogenetic analysis suggests mimetic patterns in each species evolved independently. Using a combination of next-generation sequencing analyses, we have refined our understanding of the genetic architecture of wing pattern variation in Heliconius and gained important insights into the evolution of novel adaptive phenotypes in natural populations.
Supple reviews "Montaigne proprietaire foncier: Inventaire raisonne du 'Terrier de Montaigne' conserve a la Bibliotheque Municipale de Bordeaux" by Agnes Marcetteau-Paul.
...James J. Supple's Les Essais de Montaigne: méthode(s) et méthodologies (2000) aims to 'répondre au défi de la critique moderne pour voir dans quelle mesure un 'Montaigne moraliste' pourrait ...résister aux assauts d'une approche qui privilégierait une rhétorique de la mobilité' (p. 423), concluding that 'face aux attaques répétées de certains critiques modernes, la critique traditionaliste, et nommément celle qui est axée sur une lecture éthique des Essais, n'a nullement besoin de rester sur la défensive' (p. 80).8 Montaigne's decision to present his thoughts in the form of discontinuous and eclectic reflections marked by tension and doubt, rather than work them into a systematic and controlled argument, has become central to any credible account of his project. ...these efforts to normalize the 1595 text by appealing to its historical significance have coincided with a critical reappraisal of Marie de Gournay's role in preparing the posthumous edition. The way in which Montaigne revised the Essais - through both lengthy insertions and minute corrections - makes all attempts to represent its different available states extremely convoluted and baroque, forcing editors to choose between precision and clarity. ...as Desan makes clear, even the most exhaustively layered text arbitrarily privileges and unifies a few stages of development over the countless corrections and additions for which no material evidence survives. ...neither the architectonic stability of the Essais after 1588 nor the 1595 title's implication of finality can suffice to demonstrate that it contains the complete and final draft of the text, capable of superseding all prior versions. ...even if we did know for certain that the 1595 text presents the complete and final state of the text as intended by Montaigne at the time of his death, this need not detract from the significance of earlier variants, including those rejected in this final version, since all of these reflect prior stages of textual development.
Ideas from Marianne Meijer on some essays by Montaigne are examined. The relationship between some of the essays is explored, particularly "De l'utile et de l'honneste" and "Du repentir."
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