The purpose of this paper is to analyze the theory of personality and cultivation(shuyo) as a science developed by Yujiro Motora (1858-1912), a professor of psychology at the Imperial University of ...Tokyo, in the early 20th century. At that time, incilinations toward national idealism had become decisive through Tetsugaku-kan incident of 1902. This incident originated from the government's criticisms as anti-nationalist of the liberal theory of motive of British ethicist J.H. Muirhead, one of the most famous ethical theories regarding the modern individual. Motora along with leading scholars of philosophy and ethics, argued in a statement denying the government's points that Muirhead's theory discussed the nationalist and liberal self-formation. However, there was a significant difference between Motora and the others. They praised self-formation based on nationalist idealism centering on the concept of personality and the concept of shuyo for adolescents, whom they called on to become the nation's ideal individuals. Against this, Motora tried to construct the theory of personality and shuyo in empirical psychology. This paper focuses on two theories of his which have not been addressed in previous historical studies of educational thought, and clarifies three points through observing his papers of these theories: The Theory of Motivation(1903), Science and Shuyo(1904), and The Relationship between Religion and Science in Shuyo(1906). First, Motora's theory of personality discusses the psychological effects of personality in harmony with intellect, emotion and will. This is significant in two ways. One is the philosophical and ethical criticism of Kant's idealistic self-formation(autonomy) which focuses only on will. The other is the format of the empirical and scientific discussion of personality. The latter, the empirical and scientific viewpoint, was important in Motoraʻs reference to the issue of uncertainty in precognition in Muirhead's theory of motive. It was in fact inevitable for Motora's construction of empirical and scientific ethics from the perspective of empirical positive psychology. Second, Motora's theory of shuyo shows self-formation in empirically and emotionally understanding knowledge through practical experiences such as interaction with others. There are two key points: his view of knowledge and the background of this theory. Motora argues that there are two types of knowledge: scientific knowledge and philosophical knowledge, both of which can enable reliable predictions with scientific rationality and empirical practicality, and thus overcome the problem of uncertainly in precognition. Also, he constructed this theory against two backgrounds: the criticism of nationalist idealist self-formation and the conflict between scientism and romanticism. Empirical self-formation was the challenge he posed as a new type. Third, Motora's theories of personality and shuyo suggest the existing of self-formation different from the ideal self-formation as the subject in service to the nation and science, as in determinism. In other words, his theory was an attempt to shift from self-formation based on transcendental (non-empirical) ethics such as Kantian ethics to empirical self-formation based on psychology. His attempt was also aimed at building empirical psychology centered on the interrelationship between philosophy and natural science, not scientism (psychologism).
Background
The pathophysiology and pathology of peri-implantitis remain unclear; however, its similarity to periodontitis has been described. The evaluation of peri-implant tissue and the diagnostic ...criteria of peri-implant disease are not currently standardized as they are for periodontitis. In this study, we evaluated clinical parameters during the implant maintenance period to determine significant correlations between these parameters.
Methods
We examined 55 implant patients at the time of maintenance visits between April and September 2016 and classified patients into a healthy group (H) and a history-of-periodontitis group (HP). For each implant, we evaluated the modified plaque index, probing pocket depth, and bleeding on probing as clinical parameters. Statistical analyses were performed with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Results
A total of 130 implants were assessed. The mean time since implant placement was 6 years and 6 months. The prevalence of implant-based peri-implantitis was 10.8% of all the implants. All cases of implant-based peri-implantitis came from the HP group, and many were present in patients with a history of severe periodontitis. The probing pocket depth around the implant was significantly greater in the HP group than in the H group. We found weak positive correlations between the probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing (
r
s
= 0.401,
p
< 0.05) in the H group and between the probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing (
r
s
= 0.241,
p
< 0.05) and the modified plaque index (
r
s
= 0.228,
p
< 0.05) in the HP group.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing as clinical parameters are important indicators for the diagnosis of peri-implant disease during the maintenance period among healthy and history-of-periodontitis groups.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the theory of habit in Yujiro Motora (1858-1912), who became a Tokyo Imperial University professor after receiving a Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1888. ...He constructed the theories of ethics and moral education with his study on psychology centered on the concept of habit. In the history of psychology, he is considered the first person to introduce psychophysics/positive (experimental) psychology to modern Japan. However, his theory of habit has not been examined. Therefore, this paper considers his theory of habit through examination of his theories on: psychophysics/psychology, ethics, and moral education (shushin-kyouiku). This paper consists of the following sections:1. Introduction2. Definition of the concept of habit as ethics3. Structure of the theory habit in psychophysics/psychology and ethics4. Structure of the theory of habit in moral education (shushin-kyouiku)5. Conclusion The first section of this paper presents the fundamental framework of the previous studies ethics education and moral education in modern Japan, and the issues addressed in this paper. The second section reveals the definition and concept of habit as ethics through Motora's paper “Is ethics science or philosophy ? ” (1890). In this paper, he raises two points. One is that ethics is quite different from morals, which have an aspect of introduction. The other is that ethics is the formation of habit through experience. The third section considers the structure of the theory of habit in psychophysics / psychology and ethics. Motora raises a critical question on the antinomy of consciousness and unconsciousness in actions. His answer that ethics not only has norms, as in the Categorical imperative of Kant, but forms the ethical subject through experience and selection. Namely, ethics functions to create individual ethical norms, based on the Categorical Imperative as a form of absolute norms, in addition to experience and selection. Here, his theory is characterized by its base in empirical science through the positive psychology of Wilhelm Wundt. The forth section describes the structure of the theory of habit in moral education (shushin-kyouiku). At the time, it seemed that moral education served to form the people of the nation through indoctrinating them with national morality. Motora was against this. The objective of his theory of moral education, based on Darwin's theory of evolution in ethics, was self-formation through individual experience and selection. The fifth section, as the conclusion of this paper, describes its findings. In brief, the formation of the modern nation included the potential for ethical and moral education (shushin-kyouiku) centerd on habit as self-formation through individual experience and selection.
Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic Fe3O4(001) surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin polarization, velocity ...distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from Fe3O4(001) induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the Fe3O4(001) surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an Fe3O4(001) surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the Fe3O4 surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.
Abstract
Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic Fe
$$_3$$
3
O
$$_4$$
4
(001) surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin ...polarization, velocity distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from Fe
$$_3$$
3
O
$$_4$$
4
(001) induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the Fe
$$_3$$
3
O
$$_4$$
4
(001) surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an Fe
$$_3$$
3
O
$$_4$$
4
(001) surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the Fe
$$_3$$
3
O
$$_4$$
4
surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.
A hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disease, is formation of inclusion bodies (IBs) from misfolded proteins in neuronal cells. TAR RNA/DNA-binding ...protein 43 kDa (TDP43) is an ALS-causative protein forming IBs in ALS patients. The relation between localization of the IBs and neurotoxicity remains largely unknown. We characterized aggregation of fluorescently tagged TDP43 and its carboxyl-terminal fragments (CTFs) by analytical fluorescence imaging techniques. Quantitative time-lapse analysis in individual live cells showed that fluorescent-protein-tagged TDP43 was cleaved and a 35 kDa TDP43 CTF (TDP35) formed ubiquitin (Ub)-negative cytoplasmic IBs. Although TDP35 formed mildly toxic Ub-negative IBs in the cytoplasm, TDP25, another type of a TDP43 CTF, efficiently formed sufficiently toxic Ub-positive IBs. One- or two-color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS/FCCS) revealed that coaggregation of TDP25 with TDP43 was initiated by depletion of the RNA that binds to TDP25. Moreover, nuclear localization tagging TDP25 reduced the rate of neuronal cell death. These observations point to the need to elucidate the novel sequestration mechanism and details of the toxicity of the misfolded and aggregation-prone TDP43 CTFs (as well as the RNA binding and nuclear retention) in order to identify possible preventive interventions against ALS.
Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic FeFormula: see textOFormula: see text(001) surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin ...polarization, velocity distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from FeFormula: see textOFormula: see text(001) induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the FeFormula: see textOFormula: see text(001) surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an FeFormula: see textOFormula: see text(001) surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the FeFormula: see textOFormula: see text surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.
Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic Fe
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(001) surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin polarization, velocity distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from Fe
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(001) induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the Fe
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(001) surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an Fe
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(001) surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the Fe
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surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.
Abstract Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic Fe $$_3$$ 3 O $$_4$$ 4 (001) surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin ...polarization, velocity distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from Fe $$_3$$ 3 O $$_4$$ 4 (001) induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the Fe $$_3$$ 3 O $$_4$$ 4 (001) surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an Fe $$_3$$ 3 O $$_4$$ 4 (001) surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the Fe $$_3$$ 3 O $$_4$$ 4 surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.
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