Abstract
The hunter is the key actor in unsustainable hunting of bushmeat in African forests and his behavior is driven by socioeconomic factors among others. However, not much is known about the ...effectiveness of incentive‐based conservation actions providing socioeconomic benefits to reduce hunting. This study, therefore, examined how changes in the socioeconomic situation of hunters brought about by reciprocal environmental agreements affects their hunting behavior. During a project implemented near the Dja Faunal Reserve (Cameroon), we recorded changes in socioeconomic characteristics of hunters for 15 months spanning 3 years. Bushmeat offtake and hunting effort parameters were also recorded. Comparisons of the evolution of these parameters over the years were made between hunters who signed the agreements and those who did not. We found that signatory hunters were older and had larger households than non‐signatories, and they earned more income from cocoa sales. Although both groups of hunters had similar characteristics regarding hunting behavior at the start of the project, signatory hunters harvested less bushmeat at the end of project. More time was spent in hunting by non‐signatory hunters compared to signatories who hunted less at the end of our monitoring period. Signatory hunters hunted less with firearms than non‐signatories, and they consumed more and sold less of their catches compared to non‐signatories. This study underlines the importance of reciprocal environmental agreements as an incentive‐based conservation scheme that can reduce hunting pressure. These findings show that economic incentives provided to individuals through reciprocal environment agreements can promote livelihood paradigm shifts, alleviating poverty, decreasing dependence on natural resources and benefiting animal conservation.
Résumé
Le chasseur est l'acteur clé de la chasse pour la viande de brousse dans les forêts africaines et son comportement est motivé, entre autres, par des facteurs socio‐économiques. Cependant, pas grand‐chose n’est connu sur l'efficacité des actions de conservation basées sur des incitations offrant des avantages socio‐économiques pour réduire la chasse. Cette étude a examiné comment les changements dans la situation socio‐économique des chasseurs induits par des accords environnementaux réciproques affectent leur comportement de chasse. Au cours d'un projet mis en œuvre en périphérie nord de la réserve de faune du Dja (Cameroun), nous avons enregistré des changements dans les caractéristiques socio‐économiques des chasseurs pendant 15 mois s'étalant sur trois années. Les paramètres de prélèvement de viande de brousse et d'effort de chasse ont également été enregistrés. Des comparaisons de l'évolution de ces paramètres au fil des années ont été faites entre les chasseurs qui ont signé les accords et ceux qui ne l'ont pas fait. Les résultats montrent que les chasseurs signataires étaient plus âgés et avaient des ménages plus nombreux que les non‐signataires, et qu'ils tiraient davantage de revenus de la vente de cacao. Bien que les deux groupes de chasseurs aient des caractéristiques similaires concernant le comportement de chasse au début du projet, les chasseurs signataires ont récolté moins de viande de brousse à la fin du projet. Plus de temps a été consacré à la chasse par les chasseurs non‐signataires par rapport aux signataires qui chassaient moins à la fin de notre période de suivi. Les chasseurs signataires chassaient moins avec des armes à feu que les non‐signataires, et ils consommaient plus et vendaient moins de leurs prises que les non‐signataires. Cette étude souligne l'importance des accords environnementaux réciproques en tant que système de conservation incitatif pouvant réduire la pression de la chasse. Ces résultats montrent que les incitations économiques fournies aux individus par le biais d'accords environnementaux réciproques peuvent promouvoir des changements de paradigme des moyens de subsistance, réduire la pauvreté, réduire la dépendance aux ressources naturelles et bénéficier à la conservation de la faune sauvage.
We report on the first measurement of flux-integrated single differential cross sections for charged-current (CC) muon neutrino (νμ) scattering on argon with a muon and a proton in the final state, ...Ar40 (νμ,μp)X. The measurement was carried out using the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber detector with an exposure of 4.59×1019 protons on target. Events are selected to enhance the contribution of CC quasielastic (CCQE) interactions. The data are reported in terms of a total cross section as well as single differential cross sections in final state muon and proton kinematics. We measure the integrated per-nucleus CCQE-like cross section (i.e., for interactions leading to a muon, one proton, and no pions above detection threshold) of (4.93±0.76stat±1.29sys)×10−38 cm2, in good agreement with theoretical calculations. The single differential cross sections are also in overall good agreement with theoretical predictions, except at very forward muon scattering angles that correspond to low-momentum-transfer events.
We report the final measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters Δm322 and sin2 θ23 using all data from the MINOS and MINOS+ experiments. These data were collected using a total exposure of ...23.76 × 1020 protons on target producing νμ and νμ beams and 60.75 kt yr exposure to atmospheric neutrinos. The measurement of the disappearance of νμ and the appearance of νe events between the Near and Far detectors yields ... and ... at 68% C.L. for normal (inverted) hierarchy. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omited.).
We present an analysis of MicroBooNE data with a signature of one muon, no pions, and at least one proton above a momentum threshold of 300 MeV/c(CC0πNp). This is the first differential cross-section ...measurement of this topology in neutrino-argon interactions. We achieve a significantly lower proton momentum threshold than previous carbon and scintillator-based experiments. Using data collected from a total of approximately 1.6 × 1020 protons on target, we measure the muon neutrino cross section for the CC0πNp interaction channel in argon at MicroBooNE in the Booster Neutrino Beam which has a mean energy of around 800 MeV. We present the results from a data sample with estimated efficiency of 29% and purity of 76% as differential cross sections in five reconstructed variables: the muon momentum and polar angle, the leading proton momentum and polar angle, and the muon-proton opening angle. We include smearing matrices that can be used to "forward fold" theoretical predictions for comparison with these data. We compare the measured differential cross sections to a number of recent theory predictions demonstrating largely good agreement with this first-ever dataset on argon.
We present a search for the decays of a neutral scalar boson produced by kaons decaying at rest, in the context of the Higgs portal model, using the MicroBooNE detector. We analyze data triggered in ...time with the Fermilab NuMI neutrino beam spill, with an exposure of 1020 protons on target. We look for monoenergetic scalars that come from the direction of the NuMI hadron absorber, at a distance of 100 m from the detector, and decay to electron-positron pairs. We observe one candidate event, with a standard model background prediction of 1.9±0.8. We set an upper limit on the scalar–Higgs mixing angle of θ<(3.3−4.6)×10−4 at the 95% confidence level for scalar boson masses in the range(100–200) MeV/c2. We exclude, at the 95% confidence level, the remaining model parameters required to explain the central value of a possible excess of KL0→π0νν¯ decays reported by the KOTO collaboration. We also provide a model-independent limit on a new boson X produced in K→πX decays and decaying to e+e−.
We report the results of a search for ν(e) appearance in a ν(μ) beam in the MINOS long-baseline neutrino experiment. With an improved analysis and an increased exposure of 8.2 × 10(20) protons on the ...NuMI target at Fermilab, we find that 2 sin(2) (θ(23))sin(2)(2θ(13))<0.12(0.20) at 90% confidence level for δ = 0 and the normal (inverted) neutrino mass hierarchy, with a best-fit of 2sin(2) (θ(23))sin(2)(2θ(13)) = 0.041(-0.031)(+0.047) (0.079(-0.053) (+0.071)). The θ(13) = 0 hypothesis is disfavored by the MINOS data at the 89% confidence level.
Two different nuclear-medium effects are isolated using a low three-momentum transfer subsample of neutrino-carbon scattering data from the MINERvA neutrino experiment. The observed hadronic energy ...in charged-current ν_{μ} interactions is combined with muon kinematics to permit separation of the quasielastic and Δ(1232) resonance processes. First, we observe a small cross section at very low energy transfer that matches the expected screening effect of long-range nucleon correlations. Second, additions to the event rate in the kinematic region between the quasielastic and Δ resonance processes are needed to describe the data. The data in this kinematic region also have an enhanced population of multiproton final states. Contributions predicted for scattering from a nucleon pair have both properties; the model tested in this analysis is a significant improvement but does not fully describe the data. We present the results as a double-differential cross section to enable further investigation of nuclear models. Improved description of the effects of the nuclear environment are required by current and future neutrino oscillation experiments.
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