Modern telecommunication decoding schemes, leading to high computational complexity and power consumption, are weakening the feasibility of real-time applications. In this brief, a real-time ...reconfigurable decoding architecture is introduced to alleviate the contradiction mentioned above. The proposed architecture is partially reconfigurable on the fly so that different decoding schemes can be deployed onto merely one physical partition of reconfigurable hardware and be switched with another without significant penalty on timing and complexity. The decoding system is implemented on an FPGA evaluation board and the experiment result shows that our approach renders ple decoding schemes implemented in one system with feasibility, simplicity and power-saving ability. By adopting our architecture and the development flow, a three-LDPC-code decoder is implemented. Moreover, nearly 50% savings on hardware logic and milli-second-level real-time switching speed for decoders are both achieved.
Ultraviolet photochemical reaction of sulfite (SO
) photosensitizer generates strongly reducing hydrated electrons (e
; NHE = -2.9 V) that have been shown to effectively degrade individual per- and ...polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, treatment of complex PFAS mixtures in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) remains largely unknown. Here, UV-sulfite was applied to a diluted AFFF to characterize e
reactions with 15 PFASs identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) targeted analysis. Results show that reactivity varies widely among PFASs, but reaction rates observed for individual PFASs in AFFF are similar to rates observed in single-solute experiments. While some structures, including long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were readily degraded, other structures, most notably short-chain PFSAs and fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSs), were more recalcitrant. This finding is consistent with results showing incomplete fluoride ion release (up to 53% of the F content in AFFF) during reactions. Furthermore, results show that selected PFSAs, PFCAs, and FTSs can form as transient intermediates or unreactive end-products via e
reactions with precursor structures in AFFF. These results indicate that while UV-sulfite treatment can be effective for treating PFOS and PFOA to meet health advisory levels, remediation of the wider range of PFASs in AFFF will prove more challenging.
Advanced reduction processes (ARPs) that generate hydrated electrons (eaq –; e.g., UV-sulfite) have emerged as a promising remediation technology for recalcitrant water contaminants, including per- ...and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The effectiveness of ARPs in different natural water matrices is determined, in large part, by the presence of non-target water constituents that act to quench eaq – or shield incoming UV photons from the applied photosensitizer. This study examined the pH-dependent quenching of eaq – by ubiquitous dissolved carbonate species (H2CO3*, HCO3 –, and CO3 2–) and quantified the relative importance of carbonate species to other abundant quenching agents (e.g., H2O, H+, HSO3 –, and O2(aq)) during ARP applications. Analysis of laser flash photolysis kinetic data in relation to pH-dependent carbonate acid–base speciation yields species-specific bimolecular rate constants for eaq – quenching by H2CO3*, HCO3 –, and CO3 2– ( k H 2 C O 3 * = 2.23 ± 0.42 × 109 M–1 s–1, k H C O 3 − = 2.18 ± 0.73 × 106 M–1 s–1, and k C O 3 2 − = 1.05 ± 0.61 × 105 M–1 s–1), with quenching dominated by H2CO3* (which includes both CO2(aq) and H2CO3) at moderately alkaline pH conditions despite it being the minor species. Attempts to apply previously reported rate constants for eaq – quenching by CO2(aq), measured in acidic solutions equilibrated with CO2(g), overpredict quenching observed in this study at higher pH conditions typical of ARP applications. Moreover, kinetic simulations reveal that pH-dependent trends reported for UV-sulfite ARPs that have often been attributed to eaq – quenching by varying H+ can instead be ascribed to variable acid–base speciation of dissolved carbonate and the sulfite sensitizer.
UV-sulfite has been shown to effectively degrade per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in single-solute experiments. We recently reported treatment of 15 PFASs, including perfluoroalkyl ...sulfonic acids (PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSs), detected in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) using high-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) targeted analysis. Here, we extend the analysis within those original reaction solutions to include the wider set of PFASs in AFFF for which reactivity is largely unknown by applying recently established LC-QTOF-MS suspect screening and semiquantitative analysis protocols. Sixty-eight additional PFASs were detected (15 targeted + 68 suspect screening = 83 PFASs) with semiquantitative analysis, and their behavior was binned on the basis of (1) detection in untreated AFFF, (2) PFAS photogeneration, and (3) reactivity. These 68 structures account for an additional 20% of the total fluorine content in the AFFF (targeted + suspect screening = 57% of total fluorine content). Structure–reactivity trends were also revealed. During treatment, transformations of highly reactive structures containing sulfonamide (–SO2N–) and reduced sulfur groups (e.g., –S– and –SO–) adjacent to the perfluoroalkyl F(CF2) n – or fluorotelomer F(CF2) n (CH2)2– chain are likely sources of PFCA, PFSA, and FTS generation previously reported during the early stages of reactions. The results also show the character of headgroup moieties adjacent to the F(CF2) n –/F(CF2) n (CH2)2– chain (e.g., sulfur oxidation state, sulfonamide type, and carboxylic acids) and substitution along the F(CF2) n – chain (e.g., H–, ketone, and ether) together may determine chain length-dependent reactivity trends. The results highlight the importance of monitoring PFASs outside conventional targeted analytical methodologies.
•Combination of NF and UV-sulfite more cost effective PFAS degradation method.•NF effective technology to concentrate (> 10x) and reject PFASs (∼95%).•Faster UV-sulfite degradation in alkaline pH ...11.2.•UV-sulfite degradation of all PFCAs < 2 h and PFOS < 4 h in NF reject.•Treatment train EE/O ≤ 13.1 kWh/m3 for all PFCAs and 14.1 kWh/m3 for PFOS.
Previous laboratory scale studies indicate nanofiltration (NF) and UV-sulfite photochemical treatments as promising technologies for the removal and destruction, respectively, of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from contaminated water. This study reports on a field demonstration of a pilot-scale hybrid NF and UV-sulfite treatment train for the remediation of 12 PFASs detected in groundwater impacted by aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) at a U.S. Department of Defense installation. For most of the detected PFASs, NF rejection was consistently ≥ 95% over a 30-day field trial when operating at 90% total permeate recovery. Rejection of short-chain perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) by NF decreased when recoveries increased from 90 to 97%; tests with a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane showed ≥ 99% rejection of all PFASs regardless of increasing recovery. UV treatment of the NF reject following 90% permeate recovery resulted in variable destruction of individual PFASs, with rates also being dependent on pH and the identity and concentration of UV photosensitizer. Rates of perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) degradation were greater than those measured for PFSAs and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors and were independent of perfluoroalkyl chain length. In contrast, rates of PFSA degradation increased with increasing chain length. Consistent levels of PFAS degradation by UV-sulfite were observed during a 30-day demonstration experiment in NF reject water amended with 10 mM sulfite and adjusted to pH 11.2. Collectively, > 75% of the detected PFAS mass in the NF reject was destroyed after 4 h of UV treatment, increasing to > 90% after 8 h of treatment. An analysis of electrical energy inputs for the hybrid NF/UV-sulfite treatment train showed energy per order magnitude (EE/O) requirements ranging from ≤ 13.1 kWh/m3 for PFCAs and 14.1 kWh/m3 for PFOS to values > 100 kWh/m3 for more recalcitrant short-chain PFSA analogues. The UV reactor and water-cooling system were the major contributors to overall energy requirements and represent the greatest opportunities for improving efficiency of the technology.
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This work shows the learning process in which you work at the same time or at the same time, the learning acquired at the university with the work in the company, that is, the knowledge acquired in ...your academic stay and the relationship of the different areas. work assigned in the labor field, calling it this way, dual system, it is worth mentioning that the student is assigned an academic advisor (teacher or tutor) by the university and a business advisor assigned by the beneficiary company (manager, manager, coordinator), in this way the student has the attention of both parties, strengthening academic and work learning, it is worth mentioning that the change of area in its periodicity or temporality is assigned by consensus between the business advisor and the academic advisor, so the same way the areas to assign, by means of a work plan where it is established at the beginning of the student's stay in the company.
The digestive system and metabolism of the cannonball jellyfish
Stomolophus
sp. 2 are not well-known. The digestion study was critical to explain its ecology and bloom success. Different enzymes are ...involved in food digestion, which hydrolyze carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. This study detected lipolytic activity in enzymatic extracts from gastric pouches of
Stomolophus
sp. 2 collected in the summer of 2013 at Bahía de Kino, Sonora, México (28°47′47″N 111°57′25″W). Lipase/esterase activity showed optimal pH at 11.0 and 50–60 °C with a half-life (t
1/2
) of 33 min at 55 °C, whereas halotolerance of this activity was recorded from 0-4 M NaCl. Metal ions Ca
2+
and Mn
2+
did not affect the activity, but Mg
2+
decreased it 14.2% ± 3.15, while chelating agents as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reduced the activity 8.55% ± 2.13. Inhibition of lipase/esterase activity with tetrahydrolipstatin and paraoxon-ethyl decreased the activity 18.2% ± 2.3, and 62.80% ± 0.74, respectively, whereas phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (a protease inhibitor) did not affect it. The enzyme displayed a higher specificity for short-chain triglycerides, but triolein, coconut oil, olive oil, and fish oil were hydrolyzed. For the first time, phospholipase activity from the gastric pouch of
Stomolophus
sp. 2 was detected using L-α-phosphatidylethanolamine from chicken egg yolk as a substrate. These results suggest that
Stomolophus
sp. 2 hydrolyze several kinds of lipids, and lipolytic enzymes are active at alkaline pH under different saline conditions, which may be essential to digest different preys.
Jellyfish are economically important organisms in diverse countries, carnivorous organisms that consume various prey (crustaceans, mollusks, bivalves,
.) and dissolved carbohydrates in marine waters. ...This study was focused on detecting and quantifying the activity of digestive glycosidases from the cannonball jellyfish (
sp. 2) to understand carbohydrate digestion and its temporal-spatial variation. Twenty-three jellyfish gastric pouches were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Gulf of California in three localities (Las Guásimas, Hermosillo, and Caborca). Nine samples were in intra-localities from Las Guásimas. Chitinase (Ch),
-glucosidase (
-glu), and
-
-acetylhexosaminidase (
-NAHA) were detected in the gastric pouches. However, cellulase, exoglucanase,
-amylase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, and
-carrageenase were undetected. Detected enzymes showed halotolerant glycolytic activity (
= 0-4 M NaCl), optimal pH, and temperature at 5.0 and 30-50 °C, respectively. At least five
-glucosidase and two
-N-acetylhexosaminidase were detected using zymograms; however, the number of proteins with chitinase activity is not precise. The annual variation of cannonball jellyfish digestive glycosidases from Las Guásimas between 2015-2016 does not show significant differences despite the difference in phytoplankton measured as chlorophyll
(1.9 and 3.4 mg/m
, respectively). In the inter-localities, the glycosidase activity was statistically different in all localities, except for
-
-acetylhexosaminidase activity between Caborca and Hermosillo (3,009.08 ± 87.95 and 3,101.81 ± 281.11 mU/g of the gastric pouch, respectively), with chlorophyll
concentrations of 2.6, 3.4 mg/m
, respectively. For intra-localities, the glycosidase activity did not show significant differences, with a mean chlorophyll
of 1.3 ± 0.1 mg/m
. These results suggest that digestive glycosidases from
sp. 2 can hydrolyze several carbohydrates that may belong to their prey or carbohydrates dissolved in marine waters, with salinity over ≥ 0.6 M NaCl and diverse temperature (4-80 °C) conditions. Also, chlorophyll
is related to glycosidase activity in both seasons and inter-localities, except for chitinase activity in an intra-locality (Las Guásimas).
Pigments are present in a broad variety of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The cannonball jellyfish (
Stomolophus
sp. 2) is an important fishery resource in the northwest of Mexico and is ...processed to be traded and consumed as seafood. During the process, water with a soluble blue pigment and other compounds are discarded to the environment. In this work, we present some properties of the blue pigment from
Stomolophus
sp.2 (S2bp), to decide if it could be considered as a potential value-added waste and avoid the blue proteinaceous pigment wastewater. S2bp was purified to homogeneity and had a molecular mass of 28.0 kDa; this protein exhibited a
ʎ
max
at 650 nm, contained Zn
2+
and Cu
2+
metal ions, and was stable from 10 to 50 °C and in a pH range of 3.0 to 13.0 for 1 h. It had halotolerant characteristics maintaining the blue coloration in a broad range of ionic strength (0–4 M NaCl) and showed changes in
ʎ
max
with chaotropic salts. In addition, S2bp was stable in the presence of organic acids and EDTA and in zwitterionic, anionic, and nonionic detergents at critical micellar concentration. However, oxidant reagents like NaClO and H
2
O
2
decrease the coloration. These results show that the jellyfish pigment is a stable protein which makes it an alternative pigment for the food industry.
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