Human emotional facial expressions play a vital role in interpersonal relations. Automated facial expression recognition has always remained a challenging problem in real-life applications as people ...vary significantly in the way of showing their expressions. Recently various approaches have been proposed for automatically analyzing the facial expression of a person. In this paper, a novel approach to human facial expression recognition by applying a modified version of the Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) algorithm, called Improved Cat Swarm Optimization (ICSO) algorithm is proposed. The input image given to the proposed system retrieves similar images from the dataset as well as identifies the person’s emotional state through facial expressions. Deep features present in the face image are extracted using Deep Convolution Neural Network (DCNN) approach. ICSO is proposed to select optimal features from the face image that can uniquely distinguish the facial expression of a person. Employing DCNN with ICSO improves the retrieval performance of the proposed system. Ensemble classifiers that employ Neural Network (NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are implemented to classify facial expressions such as normal, happy, sad, surprise, fear and angry. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using JAFFE, CK+, Pie datasets and some real-world images. The proposed system outperforms the existing system, thus achieving superior accuracy and reduced computation time.
We investigate the baroentropy change on manganites (ΔSbM and ΔSbM- ρ) using modified form of Maxwell’s equation through magnetization and magnetization-resistivity measurements. Hence, we choose two ...Mn-site doped pervoskite manganites Pr0.6Ca0.4Mn0.96Co0.04O3 and Pr0.6Ca0.4Mn0.96Cr0.04O3 due to strong correlation between magnetic and electrical properties. The two external perturbations such as magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure have a similar influence on magnetic and transport properties of manganite systems due to its strong coupling between spin, charge, and orbital degrees of freedom. Baroentropy change, similar to magneto entropy change, could be estimated by replacing magnetic field in Maxwell’s equation by pressure in perovskite manganites. The estimated values of ΔSbM and ΔSbM-ρ using proposed equations well agree with each other, justifying the use of these equations. As these values are deduced from pressure dependent magnetization and resistivity measurements, this method of baroentropy change estimation is very useful as well as reliable in order to select application-oriented systems from the manganites family.
•H and P have a similar influence on magnetic and transport properties of manganites.•Two modified forms of Maxwell’s equation are proposed to estimate baroentropy changes.•ΔSbM and ΔSbM-ρ values completely rely on magnetization and resistivity of a system.•P and H increase the baroentropy change of selected Co and Cr doped systems.•These are reliable for manganites in which analogue in magnetic and transport properties.
The coexistence of charge density wave (CDW) and superconductivity in tantalum disulfide (2H−TaS2) at low temperature is boosted by applying hydrostatic pressures to study both vibrational and ...magnetic transport properties. Around Pc, we observe a superconducting dome with a maximum superconducting transition temperature Tc=9.1 K. First-principles calculations of the electronic structure predict that, under ambient conditions, the undistorted structure is characterized by a phonon instability at finite momentum close to the experimental CDW wave vector. Upon compression, this instability is found to disappear, indicating the suppression of CDW order. The calculations reveal an electronic topological transition (ETT), which occurs before the suppression of the phonon instability, suggesting that the ETT alone is not directly causing the structural change in the system. The temperature dependence of the first vortex penetration field has been experimentally obtained by two independent methods. While a d wave and single-gap BCS prediction cannot describe the lower critical field Hc1 data, the temperature dependence of the Hc1 can be well described by a single-gap anisotropic s-wave order parameter.
Although there is a clear relationship between the degree of obesity and periodontal disease incidence, the mechanisms that underpin the links between these conditions are not completely understood. ...Understanding that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are expanded during obesity and operate in a context-defined manner, we addressed the potential role of MDSCs to contribute toward obesity-associated periodontal disease. Flow cytometry revealed that in the spleen of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), expansion in monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) significantly increased when compared with mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD). In the osteoclast differentiation assay, M-MDSCs isolated from the bone marrow of HFD-fed mice showed a larger number and area of osteoclasts with a greater number of nuclei. In the M-MDSCs of HFD-fed mice, several osteoclast-related genes were significantly elevated when compared with LFD-fed mice according to a focused transcriptomic platform. In experimental periodontitis, the number and percentage of M-MDSCs were greater, with a significantly larger increase in HFD-fed mice versus LFD-fed mice. In the spleen, the percentage of M-MDSCs was significantly higher in HFD-fed periodontitis-induced (PI) mice than in LFD-PI mice. Alveolar bone volume fraction was significantly reduced in experimental periodontitis and was further decreased in HFD-PI mice as compared with LFD-PI mice. The inflammation score was significantly higher in HFD-PI mice versus LFD-PI mice, with a concomitant increase in TRAP staining for osteoclast number and area in HFD-PI mice over LFD-PI mice. These data support the concept that M-MDSC expansion during obesity to become osteoclasts during periodontitis is related to increased alveolar bone destruction, providing a more detailed mechanistic appreciation of the interconnection between obesity and periodontitis.
SrSn
1−x
Fe
x
O
3
(x = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) nanorods prepared by chemical precipitation method was investigated for the effect of Fe doping on structural, optical and magnetic properties. X-ray ...diffraction pattern of the prepared samples indicated orthorhombic structure with considerable variation in the lattice parameters, confirming the Fe incorporation in Sr–Sn–O lattice. Electron microscopy studies revealed the surface morphology changes from rods with poly-dispersed particles to well-defined rod shapes, upon Fe doping. FTIR, Raman, X-ray photoelectron and UV–Vis spectroscopy results confirmed the presence of metal oxide vibrations, active Raman modes, oxygen vacancy and strong optical absorption, respectively. Photoluminescence studies showed an interesting feature of near-infrared emission for the Fe doped samples. Magnetization measurements at room temperature demonstrated dia- to ferro- magnetic phase transition as a result of increased Fe concentration. Fe 5% doped sample significantly exhibited an increased coercivity with a maximum at 2 K. The induced ferromagnetic behavior and near infrared emission in Fe doped SrSnO
3
suggest the material for magneto-electronic device applications.
•A novel method of azeotropic formation/destruction.•Study of molecular interactions between the binary blends.•Relative volatility interpretation to prove the azeotropic formation.•Dipole- dipole ...and induced dipole-dipole type interactios are cofirmed.
First point of view of this report is briefly comments about the potential of azeotrope development in the blends of 1-alkanols (1-pentanol/1-hexanol/1-heptanol) with benzene. The relative volatility (r) calculation of all binary blends was used to prove this possibility of the azeotrope formation. Second point of view of this report is also concerned with the same idea but achieved by ultrasonic study using different parameters such as ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ), and viscosity (η), and few thermo–acoustical variables like adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), and internal pressure (πi), and their excess (AE) magnitudes. In this regard, the important standard magnitudes of the individual components and their mixtures are experimental measured. The origin of the existence of the suggested intermolecular interaction is found to be useful in predicting the possible azeotrope formation and in determining the exact mole fraction of such formations. The excess parameters are fitted to polynomial type Redlich-Kister equation and coefficients of the fitting are found to support the present investigations.
BaTiO
3
(BTO) and BaTi
1−
x
Mn
x
O
3
(
x
= 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mol%) ceramic materials have been prepared by the sol–gel combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been carried out to characterize ...the phase purity and crystal structure of the prepared compounds, and all XRD patterns suggest tetragonal structure with the phase group of P4
mm
. The variation in the estimated lattice parameters confirms the incorporation of Mn atoms at Ti site of BTO. Raman spectroscopy studies under various temperatures suggest a phase transition from tetragonal to cubic phase at ~433 K, identified by a distinct Raman mode at 308 cm
−1
. As Raman modes are getting softened by Mn doping, phase transition temperature of the Mn-doped compounds is significantly decreased from 473 K (
x
= 0%) to 433 K (
x
= 0.75%). Dielectric properties such as permittivity and dielectric loss as the function of frequency under various temperatures have two distinct dielectric anomalies (i) at 393 K associated to tetragonal to cubic phase transition and (ii) at 550 K due to oxygen vacancy defect in the samples. Observation of weak ferromagnetism at 2, 300, and 400 K in the M (H) and ZFC-FC curve, suppose its origin due to an intriguing exchange interaction between Mn and oxygen vacancies.
Highlights
Mn-doped BaTiO
3
is prepared by sol–gel combustion method.
The structural phase transition from tetragonal to cubic phase occurs at ~433 K.
Phase transition associated with a distinct Raman mode at ~308 cm
−1
.
M–H loop shows weak ferromagnetism with intriguing exchange interactions.
•LCMO (x=0.03, 0.05) exhibit I-M transition during ρ(T) measurements at P of 0 GPa.•During ρ(T) underP on both samples, ρ is decreased and TIM is increased.•P decreases activation energy but ...increases density of state of both sample.•Increment of density of states by P is verified by DFT calculation.
Temperature-dependent electrical resistivity ρ(T) of Mn site doped La0.5Ca0.5Mn1−xMoxO3 (x = 0.03 and 0.05) manganites are measured under various hydrostatic pressures. At ambient pressure, x = 0.03 and 0.05 samples exhibit insulating to metallic transition (TIM) at 72 K (81 K) and 89 K (101 K) during cooling (warming) cycles. The differences between TIM’s of cooling and warming cycles shows hysteresis in ρ(T), and suggests the presence of first-order transition in both samples. The application of external pressure reduces the magnitude of resistivity, whereas it increases TIM of both samples. At the same time, the width of the hysteresis has reduced by the pressure, and get suppressed at 2.65 GPa and 2.54 GPa for 0.03 and 0.05 samples respectively. It indicates the change of first-order to second-order phase transition under pressure in both samples. ρ(T) under various pressures are separately analyzed with respect to TIM. In the insulating region (above TIM), pressure reduces the activation energy but increases the density of states at the Fermi level. In the metallic region (below TIM), pressure reduces various scattering factors between subatomic particles. Hence, metallicity of both samples is enhanced under pressure. First principles calculations are performed with various pressure region, and this study validates the experimental observation of pressure-enhanced conductivity in La0.5Ca0.5Mn1−xMoxO3 (x = 0.03 and 0.05) systems.
•EAACK has been presented to detection of forged acknowledgement.•P2P ACK, RSA method has been used in this to reduce the routing overhead.•Security level of data transmission has been increased ...using the RSA public key cryptography.•High level of packet delivery ratio.
MANET – Mobile Adhoc Network is a self-configuring network that connected by the number of mobile nodes with wireless links and it has no fixed infrastructure. In this, each single node can operates as both a transmitter and receiver. It has been exploited in various applications such as disaster stuck areas, military, emergency revival etc. Nevertheless, the open intermediate and broad distribution of nodes in MANET can cause a vulnerable to different malicious attacks and MANET that can operate consistently even in the being there of inside packet drop attackers can be really challenging. Therefore, we need to develop Intrusion Detection System to detect the misbehavior nodes during the packet delivery with acknowledgement for the protection of MANET. In this paper, EAACK (Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment) is developed with Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) hybrid protocol which consists of P2P ACK and RSA algorithm. At present, the network overhead is caused by the digital signature algorithm if more misbehavior nodes are presented on network. Hence, this proposed system is applied with EIGRP to reduce the network overhead caused by digital signatures in EAACK, and P2P (peer-peer) ACK and RSA (named after Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman) provides more security to the network. S-ACK (Selective Acknowledgements) cannot differentiate the particular node is malicious node. Therefore, this proposed system introduces the P2P ACK to detect the misbehavior node efficiently. Here, RSA can encrypt the session key that creates the key more secure to improve the security level and P2P ACK use this encrypted key for the acknowledgement. In the P2P ACK, keys are generated by the RSA and distributed for signing and verifying the acknowledgement packets in advance. This proposed P2P ACK is used to enhance the detection of misbehavior nodes. The performance of this proposed method can improve the security level and reduce the routing overhead through the secured acknowledgement.
In this paper, we report the tuning effects on the structural stability and transport properties of ZnO under high pressure at room temperature after doping it with a series of alkali metal elements ...(Li, Na, and K). Generally, substitution at the Zn site (with the large ionic radii of the 1st group elements) leads to p-type conductivity with an increase in the Zn-O bond distance. Whereas, the external high pressure compresses the crystallite size, leading to increased lattice strain and band gap reduction in this semiconductor material. As a result of lattice strain hindrance upon compression, the larger ions rather than the smaller ions try to counteract the high pressure due to ionic force repulsion within the lattice. By combining synchrotron x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and insitu resistant measurements under pressure on Li-, Na-, and K-doped ZnO nanomaterials, we demonstrated that the critical phase transition pressure of ZnO from wurtzite to rock salt changes from 9 GPa to 13 GPa, and a resistance change anomaly occurs around these transition pressures. This study of the structural, vibrational stability and transport properties of a series of alkali metal element-doped ZnO under pressure provides an efficient way to modify these types of semiconductor materials for technological applications.
•Doping of the 1st group elements at Zn site of ZnO leads to p-type conductivity.•The pressure on ZnO compresses crystallite size and increases lattice strain.•The larger ions rather than the smaller ions try to counteract the high pressure.•Phase transition pressure of ZnO is increased by doping of 1st group elements.•The wurtzite phase is stabilized more due to the increased monovalent ion size.
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