Dense depth perception is critical for autonomous driving and other robotics applications. However, modern LiDAR sensors only provide sparse depth measurement. It is thus necessary to complete the ...sparse LiDAR data, where a synchronized guidance RGB image is often used to facilitate this completion. Many neural networks have been designed for this task. However, they often naïvely fuse the LiDAR data and RGB image information by performing feature concatenation or element-wise addition. Inspired by the guided image filtering, we design a novel guided network to predict kernel weights from the guidance image. These predicted kernels are then applied to extract the depth image features. In this way, our network generates content-dependent and spatially-variant kernels for multi-modal feature fusion. Dynamically generated spatially-variant kernels could lead to prohibitive GPU memory consumption and computation overhead. We further design a convolution factorization to reduce computation and memory consumption. The GPU memory reduction makes it possible for feature fusion to work in multi-stage scheme. We conduct comprehensive experiments to verify our method on real-world outdoor, indoor and synthetic datasets. Our method produces strong results. It outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the NYUv2 dataset and ranks 1st on the KITTI depth completion benchmark at the time of submission. It also presents strong generalization capability under different 3D point densities, various lighting and weather conditions as well as cross-dataset evaluations. The code will be released for reproduction.
Transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylation via carbon-carbon bond cleavage is an essential synthetic methodology. Given the ubiquity of carbonyl compounds, the selective decarbonylative process ...offers a distinct synthetic strategy using carbonyl groups as "traceless handles". This reaction has been significantly developed in recent years in many respects, including catalytic system development, mechanistic understanding, substrate scope, and application in the synthesis of complex functional molecules. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the recent progress on transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylative process, from the discovery of new transformations to the understanding of reaction mechanisms, to reveal the great achievements and potentials in this field. The contents of this review are categorized by the type of chemical bond cleavage in the decarbonylative process. The main challenges and opportunities of the decarbonylative process are also examined with the goal of expanding the application range of decarbonylation reactions.
Oxygen plays an essential role in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. However, hypoxia inside tumors severely attenuates the therapeutic effect of PDT. To address this issue, a novel strategy ...is reported for cutting off the oxygen consumption pathway by using sub‐50 nm dual‐drug nanoparticles (NPs) to attenuate the hypoxia‐induced resistance to PDT and to enhance PDT efficiency. Specifically, dual‐drug NPs that encapsulate photosensitizer (PS) verteporfin (VER) and oxygen‐regulator atovaquone (ATO) with sub‐50 nm diameters can penetrate deep into the interior regions of tumors and effectively deliver dual‐drug into tumor tissues. Then, ATO released from NPs efficiently reduce in advance cellular oxygen consumption by inhibition of mitochondria respiratory chain and further heighten VER to generate greater amounts of 1O2 in hypoxic tumor. As a result, accompanied with the upregulated oxygen content in tumor cells and laser irradiation, the dual‐drug NPs exhibit powerful and overall antitumor PDT effects both in vitro and in vivo, and even tumor elimination. This study presents a potential appealing clinical strategy in photodynamic eradication of tumors.
A novel strategy for reducing oxygen consumption to attenuate the hypoxia‐induced resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using sub‐50 nm dual‐drug nanoparticles (ATO/VER NPs) is described. ATO has the ability of alleviating hypoxic regions and can eliminate tumors by enhancing PDT, which provides a valuable reference for research on targeted treatment of hypoxic tumor tissues.
Fangcang shelter hospitals were established in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as a countermeasure to stop the spread of the disease. To our knowledge, no research has ...been conducted on mental health problems among patients in Fangcang shelter hospitals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and major influencing factors of anxiety and depressive symptoms among COVID-19 patients admitted to Fangcang shelter hospitals. From February 23, 2020, to February 26, 2020, we obtained sociodemographic and clinical characteristics information of COVID-19 patients in Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Hospital (Wuhan, China) and assessed their mental health status and sleep quality. Data were obtained with an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a set of items on demographic characteristics, a set of items on clinical characteristics, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Three hundred seven COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Hospital participated in this study. The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms were 18.6% and 13.4%, respectively. Poor sleep quality and having ≥ two current physical symptoms were independent risk factors for anxiety symptoms. Female sex, having a family member with confirmed COVID-19, and having ≥ two current physical symptoms were independent risk factors for depressive symptoms. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were found to be common among COVID-19 patients in Fangcang Shelter Hospital, with some patients being at high risk.
The nickel-catalyzed decarbonylation of unstrained diaryl ketones has been developed. The reaction is catalyzed by a combination of Ni(cod)2 and an electron-rich N-heterocyclic carbene ligand. High ...functional group tolerance and excellent yields (up to 98%) are observed. This strategy provides an alternative and versatile approach to construct biaryls using an inexpensive nickel catalyst.
Soaring cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are pummeling the global health system. Overwhelmed health facilities have endeavored to mitigate the pandemic, but mortality of COVID-19 continues to ...increase. Here, we present a mortality risk prediction model for COVID-19 (MRPMC) that uses patients' clinical data on admission to stratify patients by mortality risk, which enables prediction of physiological deterioration and death up to 20 days in advance. This ensemble model is built using four machine learning methods including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosted Decision Tree, and Neural Network. We validate MRPMC in an internal validation cohort and two external validation cohorts, where it achieves an AUC of 0.9621 (95% CI: 0.9464-0.9778), 0.9760 (0.9613-0.9906), and 0.9246 (0.8763-0.9729), respectively. This model enables expeditious and accurate mortality risk stratification of patients with COVID-19, and potentially facilitates more responsive health systems that are conducive to high risk COVID-19 patients.
Highly selective divergent coupling reactions of benzocyclobutenones and indoles, in which the chemoselectivity is controlled by catalysts, are reported herein. The substrates undergo ...C2(indole)–C8(benzocyclobutenone) coupling to produce benzylated indoles and benzobcarbazoles in the Ni‐ and Ru‐catalyzed reactions. A completely different selectivity pattern C2(indole)–C2(benzocyclobutenone) coupling to form arylated indoles is observed in the Rh‐catalyzed reaction. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest C−H and C−C activations in the reaction pathway. Synthetic utility of this protocol is demonstrated by the selective synthesis of three different types of carbazoles from the representative products.
A catalyst‐enabled divergent coupling of benzocyclobutenones with indoles is reported. The divergent reactivity of benzocyclobutenones allows the facile synthesis of three types of valuable indole derivatives, including benzylated indoles, benzobcarbazoles, and arylated indoles. This unique divergent coupling will aid in understanding the behaviors of different metal catalysts in C−C bond cleavage and open pathways for the preparation of novel C−C activation systems.
Ferroptotic cell death is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation that is initiated by ferrous iron and H
O
via Fenton reaction, in which the role of activating transcription factor 3 ...(ATF3) remains elusive. Brucine is a weak alkaline indole alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, which has shown potent antitumor activity against various tumors, including glioma. In this study, we showed that brucine inhibited glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo, which was paralleled by nuclear translocation of ATF3, lipid peroxidation, and increases of iron and H
O
. Furthermore, brucine-induced lipid peroxidation was inhibited or exacerbated when intracellular iron was chelated by deferoxamine (500 μM) or improved by ferric ammonium citrate (500 μM). Suppression of lipid peroxidation with lipophilic antioxidants ferrostatin-1 (50 μM) or liproxstatin-1 (30 μM) rescued brucine-induced glioma cell death. Moreover, knockdown of ATF3 prevented brucine-induced accumulation of iron and H
O
and glioma cell death. We revealed that brucine induced ATF3 upregulation and translocation into nuclei via activation of ER stress. ATF3 promoted brucine-induced H
O
accumulation via upregulating NOX4 and SOD1 to generate H
O
on one hand, and downregulating catalase and xCT to prevent H
O
degradation on the other hand. H
O
then contributed to brucine-triggered iron increase and transferrin receptor upregulation, as well as lipid peroxidation. This was further verified by treating glioma cells with exogenous H
O
alone. Moreover, H
O
reversely exacerbated brucine-induced ER stress. Taken together, ATF3 contributes to brucine-induced glioma cell ferroptosis via increasing H
O
and iron.
Necroptosis is a type of programmed necrosis regulated by receptor interacting protein kinase 1 （RIP1） and RIP3. Necroptosis is found to be accompanied by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species ...（ROS）, but the role of ROS in regulation of necroptosis remains elusive. In this study, we investigated how shikonin, a necroptosis inducer for cancer cells, regulated the signaling leading to necroptosis in glinoma cells in vitro. Treatment with shikonin （2-10 pmol/L） dose-dependently triggered necrosis and induced overproduction of intracellular ROS in rat C6 and human SHG-44, U87 and U251 glioma cell lines. Moreover, shikonin treatment dose- dependently upregulated the levels of RIP1 and RIP3 and reinforced their interaction in the glioma cells. Pretreatment with the specific RIP1 inhibitor Nec-1 （100 pmol/L） or the specific RIP3 inhibitor GSK-872 （5 pmol/L） not only prevented shikonin-induced glioma cell necrosis but also significantly mitigated the levels of intraceliular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide. Mitigation of ROS with MnTBAP （40 pmol/L）, which was a cleaner of mitochondrial superoxide, attenuated shikonin-induced glioma cell necrosis, whereas increasing ROS levels with rotenone, which improved the mitochondrial generation of superoxide, significantly augmented shikonin-caused glioma cell necrosis. Furthermore, pretreatment with MnTBAP prevented the shikonin-induced upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3 expression and their interaction while pretreatment with rotenone reinforced these effects. These findings suggest that ROS is not only an executioner of shikonin-induced glioma cell necrosis but also a regulator of RIP1 and RIP3 expression and necrosome assembly.
Reliable and noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are an unmet need. This study aimed to screen and validate potential urinary biomarkers for the early ...diagnosis of NSCLC. Using protein mass spectrometry, urinary MDH2 was found to be abundant both in patients with lung cancer and lung cancer model mice compared with controls. Urine samples obtained as retrospective and prospective cohorts including 1091 NSCLC patients and 736 healthy controls were measured using ELISA. Patients with stage I NSCLC had higher urinary MDH2 compared with healthy controls. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the urinary MDH2 was 0.7679 and 0.7234 in retrospective and prospective cohorts to distinguish stage I cases from controls. Urinary MDH2 levels correlated with gender and smoking history. MDH2 expression levels were elevated in lung cancer tissues. MDH2 knockdown using shRNA inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that urinary MDH2 concentration was higher in early‐stage NSCLC patients compared with that in controls and that MDH2 could serve as a potential biomarker for early detection of NSCLC.
Malate dehydrogenase 2 was significantly elevated both in urine and in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients. The level of MDH2 in urine could serve as an assistant biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
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