The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6 Wessel, P.; Luis, J. F.; Uieda, L. ...
Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems,
November 2019, 2019-11-00, 20191101, Letnik:
20, Številka:
11
Journal Article
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The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software is ubiquitous in the Earth and ocean sciences. As a cross‐platform tool producing high‐quality maps and figures, it is used by tens of thousands of scientists ...around the world. The basic syntax of GMT scripts has evolved very slowly since the 1990s, despite the fact that GMT is generally perceived to have a steep learning curve with many pitfalls for beginners and experienced users alike. Reducing these pitfalls means changing the interface, which would break compatibility with thousands of existing scripts. With the latest GMT version 6, we solve this conundrum by introducing a new “modern mode” to complement the interface used in previous versions, which GMT 6 now calls “classic mode.” GMT 6 defaults to classic mode and thus is a recommended upgrade for all GMT 5 users. Nonetheless, new users should take advantage of modern mode to make shorter scripts, quickly access commonly used global data sets, and take full advantage of the new tools to draw subplots, place insets, and create animations.
Plain Language Summary
The Generic Mapping Tools software is widely used in Earth and ocean sciences to process data and make maps and illustrations. This new version simplifies usage, adds quick access to key data sets, and provides a tool for making scientific animations.
Key Points
A new version of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is released
A new modern mode, complementing the existing classic mode, greatly simplifies GMT scripting
Easy access to remote data sets and advanced animation building facilitate science communication
Summary
Both sarcopenia and low bone mineral density (BMD) have become public health concerns. We found that presarcopenic and/or sarcopenic individuals were more likely to have lower BMD. And this ...relationship has race and sex-specific discrepancy.
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to investigate the racial and gender differences in the relationship between sarcopenia and BMD among older adults.
Methods
Totally, 5476 subjects (mean age = 65.7 ± 6.4) of non-Hispanic White (
n
= 3297), non-Hispanic Black (
n
= 1265), and non-Hispanic Asian (
n
= 914) were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined according to the revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia (EWGSOP2). General linear model and multivariable linear regression model were used to examine the relationship between sarcopenia and regional/whole body BMD stratified by race and sex. Adjustments were conducted for physiological, behavioral, and disease factors.
Results
Comparing with normal older participants, presarcopenic and sarcopenic elderly were more likely to have lower BMD. Although the difference was not statistically significant in a few sub-groups, among the three racial groups, the strongest association between sarcopenia and BMD was found in non-Hispanic Black people, followed by non-Hispanic White people and non-Hispanic Asian people. In addition, significant differences of BMD across sarcopenia stages were found in more sub-groups in women than in men after adjusting for covariates.
Conclusions
In this older cohort, sarcopenia is significantly related to low regional/whole-body BMD, and these associations vary by race and sex. Consideration in race and sex is warranted when developing strategies to maintain or minimize BMD loss.
Abstract
We present the second release of value-added catalogues of the LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey of the Galactic Anticentre (LSS-GAC DR2). The catalogues present values of radial velocity Vr, ...atmospheric parameters – effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g, metallicity Fe/H, α-element to iron (metal) abundance ratio α/Fe (α/M), elemental abundances C/H and N/H and absolute magnitudes MV and $M_{K_{\rm s}}$ deduced from 1.8 million spectra of 1.4 million unique stars targeted by the LSS-GAC since 2011 September until 2014 June. The catalogues also give values of interstellar reddening, distance and orbital parameters determined with a variety of techniques, as well as proper motions and multiband photometry from the far-UV to the mid-IR collected from the literature and various surveys. Accuracies of radial velocities reach 5 km s−1 for the late-type stars, and those of distance estimates range between 10 and 30 per cent, depending on the spectral signal-to-noise ratios. Precisions of Fe/H, C/H and N/H estimates reach 0.1 dex, and those of α/Fe and α/M reach 0.05 dex. The large number of stars, the contiguous sky coverage, the simple yet non-trivial target selection function and the robust estimates of stellar radial velocities and atmospheric parameters, distances and elemental abundances make the catalogues a valuable data set to study the structure and evolution of the Galaxy, especially the solar-neighbourhood and the outer disc.
Abstract
We present a three-dimensional (3D) extinction analysis in the region towards the supernova remnant (SNR) S147 (G180.0–1.7) using multiband photometric data from the Xuyi Schmidt Telescope ...Photometric Survey of the Galactic Anticentre (XSTPS-GAC), 2MASS and WISE. We isolate a previously unrecognized dust structure likely to be associated with SNR S147. The structure, which we term as ‘S147 dust cloud’, is estimated to have a distance d = 1.22 ± 0.21 kpc, consistent with the conjecture that S147 is associated with pulsar PSR J0538 + 2817. The cloud includes several dense clumps of relatively high extinction that locate on the radio shell of S147 and coincide spatially with the CO and gamma-ray emission features. We conclude that the usage of CO measurements to trace the SNR associated MCs is unavoidably limited by the detection threshold, dust depletion and the difficulty of distance estimates in the outer Galaxy. 3D dust extinction mapping may provide a better way to identify and study SNR–MC interactions.
We present a new catalog of 18080 radial velocity (RV) standard stars selected from the APOGEE data. These RV standard stars are observed at least three times and have a median stability (3 RV) ...around 240 m s−1 over a time baseline longer than 200 days. They are largely distributed in the northern sky and could be extended to the southern sky by the future APOGEE-2 survey. Most of the stars are red giants (J − Ks ≥ 0.5) owing to the APOGEE target selection criteria. Only about 10 per cent of them are main-sequence stars. The H-band magnitude range of the stars is 7-12.5 mag with the faint limit much fainter than the magnitudes of previous RV standard stars. As an application, we show the new set of standard stars to determine the RV zero points of the RAVE, the LAMOST, and the Gaia-RVS Galactic spectroscopic surveys.
Significant progress has been made in understanding selective laser melting (SLM) process as well as fabrication of various materials using this technology. This paper covers the emerging research on ...particle reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with SLM and provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying scientific topics behind them. In order to provide a thorough basis for understanding and controlling of the SLM processing of MMNCs fabrication, the state of the art research from the perspective of materials and SLM processing parameters is reviewed. Feedstock preparation methods for MMNCs are emphasized and compared in detail. Mechanical properties of nanocomposites and the enhancing mechanisms due to reinforcement are discussed in depth, highlighting strength, microhardness and fatigue properties. Thereafter, defects, especially those associated with SLM processing, are also elucidated by discussing their classification, mechanisms of formation and tendency in MMNCs. Applications in aerospace, automobile, electronics and electronic packaging, and biomedical industry are illustrated. Summary of findings from this review and trends for future research in the development of MMNCs by SLM are addressed in the final section.
We present a catalog of 5290 RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) with metallicities estimated from spectra of the LAMOST Experiment for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (LEGUE) and the Sloan Extension for ...Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) surveys. Nearly 70% of them (3642 objects) also have systemic radial velocities measured. Given the pulsating nature of RRLs, metallicity estimates are based on spectra of individual exposures that have been matched with their synthetic templates. The systemic radial velocities are measured by fitting the observed velocity as a function of phase assuming an empirical pulsating velocity template curve. Various tests show that our analyses yield metallicities with a typical precision of 0.20 dex and systemic radial velocities with uncertainties ranging from 5 to 21 km s−1 (depending on the number of radial-velocity measurements available for a given star). Based on the well-calibrated near-infrared PMW1Z or , and MV-Fe/H relations, precise distances are derived for these RRLs. Finally, we include Gaia DR2 proper motions in our catalog. The catalog should be very useful for various Galactic studies, especially of the Galactic halo.
Summary
The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between sarcopenia and body composition and osteoporosis in cohorts of three different races with a total of 17,891 subjects. Lean ...mass and grip strength were positively associated with bone mineral densities (BMDs). Subjects with sarcopenia were two times more likely to have osteoporosis compared with normal subjects.
Introduction
The relationship between sarcopenia and osteoporosis is not totally clear. First, the present study assessed this relationship by using two different definitions for sarcopenia. Second, we examined the associations of body composition (including muscle mass as a major and important component) and muscle strength on regional and whole-body BMDs.
Methods
In total, 17,891 subjects of African American, Caucasian, and Chinese ethnicities were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined by relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM) cut points and also by the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (low RASM plus low muscle function). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of fat mass, lean mass (including muscle mass), and grip strength with regional and whole-body BMDs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis.
Results
BMDs were positively associated with lean mass and negatively associated with fat mass, after controlling for potential confounders. Grip strength was significantly associated with higher BMDs. Each standard deviation (SD) increase in RASM resulted in a ~37 % reduction in risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.63; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.59, 0.66). Subjects with sarcopenia defined by RASM were two times more likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis compared with the normal subjects (OR = 2.04; 95 % CI = 1.61, 2.60). Similarly, subjects with sarcopenia (low muscle mass and low grip strength) were ~1.8 times more likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis than normal subjects (OR = 1.87; 95 % CI = 1.09, 3.20).
Conclusions
High lean mass and muscle strength were positively associated with BMDs. Sarcopenia is associated with low BMD and osteoporosis.
With the photometric data from the SDSS survey, the spectroscopic data from the SDSS/SEGUE and the LAMOST surveys, and the astrometric data from the Gaia DR2, we have identified 67 highly probable ...member stars of the GD-1 cold stellar stream spread along almost its entire length (i.e., from 126° to 203° in R.A.). With the accurate spectroscopic (i.e., metallicity and line-of-sight velocity) and astrometric (i.e., proper motions) information, the position-velocity diagrams, i.e., φ1- , φ1- δ, and φ1-vgsr, of the GD-1 stream are well mapped. The stream has an average metallicity Fe/H = −1.96. The rich information of member stars of the stream now available allow one not only to model its origin, but also to place strong constraints on the mass distribution and the gravitational potential of the Milky Way.
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