Background
In general clinical psychiatric practice, open questions are favored over closed ones because they are considered more therapeutically effective and less likely to make the patients pander ...to us. However, in forensic psychiatric examinations, suspects may attempt malingering.
Case Presentation
Using a simple examination based on a forced‐choice technique, the author proved that the level of intelligence of a theft suspect pretending to have an intellectual developmental disorder was not so low. The author prepared two sets consisting of a few coins each and asked the suspect to choose which set had a higher total value. The suspect was questioned repeatedly over multiple trials. He always selected the wrong set over the course of more than 10 trials.
Conclusion
If the suspect really did not know the correct answer, the probability of getting the answer right or wrong in a binary choice question is 50% for both. The probability of answering the question wrong by chance 10 times in a row is (1/2),10 in other words, about 0.1%. It was evident that the suspect intentionally kept answering incorrectly. When suspects who pretend to have an intellectual developmental disorder answer only “I do not know” to all questions without actively playing out the symptoms, it is difficult to demonstrate that the symptoms are psychiatrically conflicting and prove that they are malingering. Even in such cases, this type of test based on a forced‐choice technique can be used to prove that suspects are behaving falsely.
In forensic psychiatric examinations, suspects or defendants may attempt malingering. Even in such cases, the forced‐choice coin test based on a forced‐choice technique can be used to prove that suspects or defendants are behaving falsely.
In a world that seeks precision medicine, genetic testing is gaining importance in clinical decision making. We previously reported the utility of a novel tool for longitudinally dividing core needle ...biopsy (CNB) tissues into two filamentous tissues that can provide paired mirror image-like tissues (mirror-tissues) that spatially match each other. In this study, we investigated its application in gene panel testing in patients who underwent prostate CNB. Four hundred and forty-three biopsy cores were obtained from 40 patients. Of them, 361 biopsy cores (81.5%) were judged by a physician to be appropriate for dividing into two pieces using the new device, of which a histopathological diagnosis was successfully reached in 358 biopsy cores (99.2%). Among them, the quality and quantity of nucleic acid in 16 appropriately divided cores were assessed and found to be sufficient for gene panel testing, and histopathological diagnosis was successfully obtained from the remaining divided cores. The novel device for longitudinally-dividing CNB tissue provided mirror image-like paired-tissues for gene panel and pathology testing. The device might be a promising tool for obtaining genetic and molecular biological information, in addition to histopathological diagnosis, helping to advance personalized medicine.
Ferroelectric domain orientation in barium titanate (BaTiO
3; BT) single-crystal has been investigated with respect to its geometrical distribution in the solid angle by using polarised Raman ...spectroscopy. After retrieving the angular dependence of the intensity of selected Raman modes of BT and their defocusing properties at selected laser wavelength (in-depth probe response function), both
in-plane and
out-of-plane domain fractions could be visualised and mapped with microscopic resolution by Raman spectroscopic assessments. It is demonstrated that polarised Raman spectroscopy is a valuable and efficient tool for fully 3D, non-destructive assessments of domain orientation in ferroelectrics.
The stereoselective total syntheses of botcinic acid, botcinic acid methyl ester, 3-
O-acetylbotcinic acid methyl ester, botcineric acid, and botcinin E were achieved. The structures of these ...compounds have been unequivocally determined through their total synthesis, and they are identified with the revised structures of botcinolide, 4-
O-methylbotcinolide, 3-
O-acetyl-5-
O-methylbotcinolide, homobotcinolide, and 2-epibotcinolide, respectively.
Inflammatory bowel disease has become a global disease, but its key environmental factors still remain unrecognized. This study aimed to clarify the role of dietary transition (westernization) in the ...increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Japan.
Annual numbers of new cases of inflammatory bowel disease in Japan over the period from 1965 to 2000 found in a nationwide database compiled by the government and the daily amount of food and nutrient intake per capita for the same period revealed by the National Nutrition Survey have been used to analyze their interrelation.
Rapid increases in the estimated incidence per 100,000 population have been observed, that is, from 0.08 in 1965 to 4.8 in 2000 for ulcerative colitis and from 0.003 to 1.3 in 2000 for Crohn's disease, with an extremely high correlation between the annual numbers of new cases of the respective diseases (r = 0.970). Intake of both animal fat and animal protein increased, while intake of rice decreased during the period. Of all food groups, the intake of rice as a staple food showed the highest negative correlation coefficient with the numbers of new cases of both ulcerative colitis (r = -0.825, 95% CI: -0.908 to -0.681,
< 0.0001) and Crohn's disease (r = -0.836, 95% CI: -0.914 to -0.700,
< 0.0001).
An increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease was observed to coincide with dietary westernization in Japan. Our results support the assertion that dietary westernization is a key environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease.
Objectives
To develop a classification system for urine cytology with artificial intelligence (AI) using a convolutional neural network algorithm that classifies urine cell images as negative ...(benign) or positive (atypical or malignant).
Patients and Methods
We collected 195 urine cytology slides from consecutive patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of urothelial cancer (between January 2016 and December 2017). Two certified cytotechnologists independently evaluated and labelled each slide; 4637 cell images with concordant diagnoses were selected, including 3128 benign cells (negative), 398 atypical cells, and 1111 cells that were malignant or suspicious for malignancy (positive). This pathologically confirmed labelled dataset was used to represent the ground truth for AI training/validation/testing. Customized CutMix (CircleCut) and Refined Data Augmentation were used for image processing. The model architecture included EfficientNet B6 and Arcface. We used 80% of the data for training and validation (4:1 ratio) and 20% for testing. Model performance was evaluated with fivefold cross‐validation. A receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the binary classification model. Bayesian posterior probabilities for the AI performance measure (Y) and cytotechnologist performance measure (X) were compared.
Results
The area under the ROC curve was 0.99 (95% confidence interval CI 0.98–0.99), the highest accuracy was 95% (95% CI 94–97), sensitivity was 97% (95% CI 95–99), and specificity was 95% (95% CI 93–97). The accuracy of AI surpassed the highest level of cytotechnologists for the binary classification Pr(Y > X) = 0.95. AI achieved >90% accuracy for all cell subtypes. In the subgroup analysis based on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients who provided the test cells, the accuracy of AI ranged between 89% and 97%.
Conclusion
Our novel AI classification system for urine cytology successfully classified all cell subtypes with an accuracy of higher than 90%, and achieved diagnostic accuracy of malignancy superior to the highest level achieved by cytotechnologists.
This study examines the relationship between the nutrient intake, including total dietary fiber (TDF) and fat, and the age-adjusted mortality from breast cancer (MBC) in Japanese females during the ...period from 1948 to 2000. The information for MBC in females was based on the data in Vital Statistics of Japan. Nutritional data were collected from the National Nutrition Survey reports. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and a partial correlation, adjusting for the effect of reproductive factors. The time lag was estimated by measuring the strength of the linear relationship set up for a 0-35-year delay in mortality and statistically evaluated by comparing the correlation coefficients. The partial correlation analysis indicated that the individual intakes of total fat (r=0.688), animal protein (r=0.657), carbohydrate (r=-0.886), and plant protein (r=- 0.770) were significantly (p＜0.01) correlated with MBC. Each of these coefficients of correlation changed and reached a maximum value with increasing time lag. The estimated time lag values for the influence of fat, animal protein and TDF were 20-32 years, 19-31 years and 9-35 years, respectively. It is deduced from the results that the increased MBC in Japanese women is related to the long-term effect from the intake of a highfat, high-animal protein and low-fiber diet typical in the western world.
We developed a novel dividing device that can split needle biopsy tissues along longitude axis aiming to achieve definitive molecular-biological and genetical analysis with reference of pathological ...diagnosis of the side-by-side divided tissue as spatially matched information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and potential usefulness of the novel dividing device to provide the appropriate materials for molecular diagnosis. The new device was examined using mouse xenograft tumors. Real-time quantitative PCR and genetic test were performed to evaluate the feasibility and usefulness of the device. All the samples from needle biopsy were successfully divided into two pieces. Quality and quantity from divided samples harbor high enough to perform gene expression analysis (real-time PCR) and genetic test. Using two divided samples obtained from xenograft tumor model by needle biopsy, the % length of xenograft tumor (human origin) was significantly correlated with the % human genomic DNA (p = 0.00000608, r = 0.987), indicating that these divided samples were spatially matched. The novel longitudinally dividing device of a needle biopsy tissue was useful to provide the appropriate materials for molecular-biological and genetical analysis with reference of pathological diagnosis as spatially matched information.
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