Although the standards on which the local plans are formed are stipulated in the Planloven (Planning Low), specific and detailed value criteria are not specified, therefore it is operated by the ...city's discretion. In Copenhagen, when there are new developments in and around the area specified by the local plan, the development is not restricted, instead the plan its self is modified. In which case, the local plan enacts specific projects while the municipal plan is supplemented accordingly and be tails are finalized. Insight into a land use review system involving the public, shown below, was gained through individual case analysis of the method for public involvement used in the formulation process of the local plan in the city of Copenhagen. 1) A system operated with various opportunities for public involvement by the city's discretion. In addition to the basic obligatory public hearing, in Copenhagen, as an original process, unstipulated in the Planloven, citizen meetings are also held during the public hearing period. This discussion involves briefing the public of the specifics of the project and exchanging of opinions with the sponsorship of the local committees accordingly. The obligatory Neighbor Orientation, in which exchange of public opinions regarding the departure from regulations of existing local plans are conducted, may also be held during the heavy editorial period of unfinished plans. In this way, the process is operated with various opportunities for public involvement by the city's discretion. 2) The repetition of the involvement process to achieve consensus. After the public hearing, the city discusses a proposal for the local plan which reflects the opinions of the public. As a result, when sizable changes occur, additional hearings may be held independent from the original public hearing. When minor changes occur, subsequent public hearings are held. This process insures public consensus, through separating minor and major issues efficiently and repetition in this manner. 3) Opinions from varied participating bodies and the function of local committees. Participating bodies considered to be public institutions are, local committees, the local council, the museum of Copenhagen, and electricity, gas and railroad companies. Landowner associations comprised of homeowners, public associations for each housing complex, and the developer themselves may also give their opinions. Especially legally appointed local committees play an important role, not only as sponsors for the citizen meeting, but during the formulation of the local plan as well. 4) Revision of the plan based on accumulated various public opinions. The contents of the accumulated opinions consisted of various topics not only specific plan details such as applications for land and buildings, building scale etc, but approval and disapproval of the formulation of the plan its self, on the lack of public involvement in the formulation process and so on. Opinions which led to the modification of the local plan were, concerns regarding their living environment such as building height, shade, exposure of privacy, sound etc, demands regarding the maintenance of existing structures and increase of parking space, proposal of design changes from the developer and local committees, on the resolution of restrictions on environmental preservation and corrections on building plans.
This study examines the roles and activities of Local Committees, which are legally defined neighborhood organizations involved in the formulation process of local plans in the city of Copenhagen. ...Our investigation revealed that Local Committee members are selected from citizens' organizations in a variety of specialized fields that are active in the neighborhood, which ensures that the system is fair and objective. Moreover, in the formulation of the local plan, the Local Committee holds civic meetings, then prepares and submits documents that summarize the opinion of the residents. This is accomplished before preparation of the draft of the local plan and during the public hearing period through discussions at the specialized branch organizations, with final decision made by the Local Committee. Based on our examination, we found that the Local Committee plays an important role by acting as a representative of public involvement in the local plan formulation process.
This study compared classroom participation in workshop-style and normal-style classes through a questionnaire survey of 26 students who participated in a 5th-grade elective course. The results ...confirmed that students were able to participate more actively in WS-style classes than in normal-style classes and they reported that their understanding of the course contents was improved. Further, I found that WS-style classes encouraged the participation of students who usually do not actively participate in classes. A majority of students accepted knowledge obtained in class as a good basis for course evaluation. However, since about 20% of students thought that the number of comments made during the WS process should be reflected in their grades, I recommend that future studies reconsider evaluation methods.
This research investigates the location control of facilities related to renewable energy in Denmark, which has comprehensive spatial planning by municipalities and has quickly shifted to renewable ...energy. Our investigation revealed that Denmark is planning renewable energy facilities in the Municipal plan based on the Danish Planning Act, which is the basis of spatial planning. Based on the plan, wind turbines are mainly led to locate in land zones, district heating systems located close to existing buildings, and small wind turbines will locate in built-up areas. Furthermore, wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants, which are mainly led to located in land zones, have many guidelines and location regulations that consider nature, landscape, etc. And the rules of removal for wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants are also outlined.
This paper examines the design review (DR) system of City of San Jose focusing on single-family houses. The results were as follows: 1) The DR system is included in the process of issuing the Land ...Use and Development Permit. Single-Family Houses Permits only undergo DR when there is a large impact on surrounding areas. 2) Below 1.2% of all building permits for single-family houses undergo DR. 3) Two sets of guidelines exist for DR in Residential Design Guideline and Single-Family Design Guideline. 4) Public hearings appear to bring confirmation and publicity. 5) The system of Preliminary Review and public participation appears to be effective for legitimating DR.
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