Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a serious neurobehavioral disorder of childhood onset that often persists into adolescence and adulthood. Functional impairments, underachievement, ...and difficult interpersonal relationships illustrate the need for effective treatment of ADHD through adulthood.
This prospective, multisite, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-escalation study was conducted to assess the efficacy, safety, and duration of action of mixed amphetamine salts extended-release (MAS XR) in adults with ADHD, combined type. Adults > or =18 years of age were given placebo or MAS XR 20, 40, or 60 mg/day for 4 weeks. The main outcome measures were the ADHD Rating Scale and Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale Short Version Self-Report (CAARS-S-S).
Two hundred fifty-five subjects were randomly assigned to treatment with MAS XR or placebo. MAS XR treatment was associated with statistically and clinically significant ADHD symptom reduction at endpoint; mean ADHD Rating Scale scores were 18.5 for the 20-mg group (P=.001), 18.4 for the 40-mg group (P<.001), and 18.5 for the 60-mg group (P<.001). Adults with severe symptoms (ADHD Rating Scale score >32 at baseline) had significantly greater symptom reduction with the highest MAS XR dose (60 mg/day), however, this dose-response relationship was determined by post-hoc analysis. The mean MAS XR effect size was 0.8. Statistically significant (P<.05) improvements in CAARS-S-S ADHD index scores occurred at 4- and 12-hours postdose for all MAS XR groups, indicating a 12-hour duration of effect. Symptoms improved within the first treatment week. Most adverse events reported were mild or moderate in intensity, and the most commonly reported adverse events were consistent with the known profile of stimulant medications. Vital signs and electrocardiograms showed no clinically significant cardiovascular changes.
These results suggest that MAS XR is safe and effective in adults with ADHD and controlled ADHD symptoms for up to 12 hours.
To evaluate the long-term tolerability and effectiveness of extended-release mixed amphetamine salts (MAS XR; Adderall XR) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
This was a ...24-month, multicenter, open-label extension of TWO placebo-controlled studies of MAS XR in children with ADHD aged 6 to 12 years. Subjects (N=568) began treatment with MAS XR 10 mg once daily, with 10-mg weekly dose increases to optimal effectiveness (maximum dose, 30 mg/d). Effectiveness was assessed with analysis of quarterly Conners Global Index Scale, Parent version (CGIS-P) scores. Tolerability was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs), vital signs, physical examinations, and serial laboratory tests.
Significant improvements (>30%, p < .001) in CGIS-P scores were maintained during long-term treatment. Treatment was well tolerated, and most AEs were mild. The most frequently reported drug-related AEs included anorexia, insomnia, and headache. The incidence of drug-related AEs increased with increasing MAS XR dose, suggesting a dose relationship. Changes in laboratory values and vital signs were modest and not clinically meaningful.
In children with ADHD, once-daily 10 mg-30 mg MAS XR was well tolerated and significant behavioral improvements were consistently maintained during 24 months of treatment.
To assess the short- and long-term cardiovascular effects of once-daily treatment with a mixed amphetamine salts extended-release formulation (MAS XR; Adderall XR®) in children age 6 to 12 years with ...attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Short-term cardiovascular effects were assessed during a 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, forced–dose-titration study of once-daily 10, 20, and 30 mg MAS XR (n
=
580). Long-term cardiovascular effects were assessed in 568 subjects during a 2-year, open-label extension study of MAS XR (10 to 30 mg/day). Resting sitting blood pressure and pulse were measured at baseline and weekly during the short-term study, then monthly during long-term treatment.
Changes in blood pressure, pulse, and QT interval corrected by Bazett's formula (QTcB) in children receiving MAS XR were not statistically significantly different than those changes seen in children receiving placebo during short-term treatment. Mean increases in blood pressure after 2 years of MAS XR treatment (systolic, 3.5 mm Hg; diastolic, 2.6 mm Hg) and pulse (3.4 bpm) were clinically insignificant, and there was no apparent dose-response relationship.
Cardiovascular effects of short- and long-term MAS XR were minimal during short- and long-term MAS XR treatment at doses of ≤ 30 mg/day in otherwise healthy children.
Mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS XR; Adderall XR®) and atomoxetine (Strattera®) were compared in children 6 to 12 years old with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined ...or hyperactive/impulsive type in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, forced-dose-escalation laboratory school study. Primary efficacy measure was the SKAMP (Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham) behavioral rating scale. Changes in mean SKAMP deportment scores from baseline were significantly greater for MAS XR (n = 102) than for atomoxetine (n = 101) overall (-0.56 and -0.13, respectively; p < .0001) and at each week (p < .001). Adverse events were similar for both treatment groups. The extended time course of action and greater therapeutic efficacy of MAS XR suggests that it is more effective than atomoxetine in children with ADHD.
Assess the long-term safety and effectiveness of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS XR) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined subtype.
A 24-month, ...open-label extension of a 4-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, forced-dose-escalation study of MAS XR in adults (>or=18 years of age) with ADHD. The 223 enrolled subjects started treatment at 20 mg/day for 1 week, with subsequent titration up to 60 mg/day for optimal therapeutic effects. At monthly visits, efficacy was assessed based on the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV). Safety assessments included spontaneously reported adverse events, laboratory assessments, and monitoring of vital signs.
ADHD symptoms significantly improved for all subjects as measured by change from baseline in mean ADHD-RS-IV total scores (-7.2+/-13.04 unit points; P<.001); this was sustained for up to 24 months. The most common treatment-related adverse events were dry mouth (43% of subjects reporting at least one occurrence), infection (33%), insomnia (32%), anorexia/decreased appetite (32%), headache (30%), and nervousness (26%). Most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity.
Treatment with MAS XR 20-60 mg/day for adult ADHD was generally well tolerated and was associated with sustained symptomatic improvement for up to 24 months.
Study Objectives. To assess the bioavailability of three test formulations of a single dose of extended‐release Adderall 20‐mg capsules compared with two doses of immediate‐release Adderall 10‐mg ...tablets, and to assess the bioequivalence of a single 30‐mg dose of the chosen extended‐release Adderall formulation (designated as SLI381) administered in applesauce (sprinkled) and the same dose administered as an intact capsule with or without food.
Design. Randomized, open‐label, crossover study.
Setting. Clinical research unit.
Patients. Forty‐one healthy adults.
Interventions. Study A had four treatment sequences: three test formulations (A, B, and C) of a single dose of extended‐release Adderall 20 mg, and two 10‐mg doses of Adderall given 4 hours apart. Study B had three treatment sequences: a single dose of SLI381 30 mg as an intact capsule after overnight fast, an intact capsule after a high‐fat breakfast, and the contents of a capsule sprinkled in 1 tablespoon of applesauce.
Measurements and Main Results. The 20‐mg test formulation A had comparable pharmacokinetic profiles and bioequivalence in rate and extent of drug absorption to Adderall 10 mg twice/day for both d‐ and l‐amphetamine. Formulations B and C had statistically significant differences from the reference drug in some pharmacokinetic parameters. A 30‐mg dose of SLI381 showed no significant differences in rate and extent of absorption of d‐ and l‐amphetamine for fasted or sprinkled conditions compared with the high‐fat meal condition.
Conclusion. SLI381 20 mg/day is bioequivalent to Adderall 10 mg twice/day. SLI381 30 mg administered in applesauce is bioequivalent in terms of both rate and extent of absorption to the same dose administered as an intact capsule in both fasted and fed states.
Assess the bioavailability of mixed amphetamine salts extended-release (MAS XR) 30-mg capsules and the dose proportionality of pharmacokinetic measures for MAS XR 20, 40, and 60 mg.
Study A, an ...open-label single-period study, and Study B, a randomized, open-label, three-way crossover study, were conducted in healthy adults in a clinical research unit. In Study A, 20 subjects received a single MAS XR 30-mg capsule by mouth daily for 7 days. In Study B, 12 subjects received single oral doses of MAS XR 20, 40, and 60 mg separated by 7-14-day washout periods.
Plasma dextroamphetamine (d-amphetamine) and levoamphetamine (l-amphetamine) concentrations were measured using a validated LC-MS/MS method. In Study A, a 3:1 ratio of d-amphetamine to l-amphetamine was observed for AUC0-inf and Cmax. Tmax was 4.2 and 4.3 hours for d-amphetamine to l-amphetamine, respectively. In Study B, for d- and l-amphetamine, statistically significant differences were observed for AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and Cmax between all doses; there was a linear relationship between pharmacokinetic variables and dose and Tmax was similar for each isomer (range: 4.5-5.3 hours) with all given MAS XR doses.
The extent of exposure as assessed by mean AUC0-24 and Cmax reflected the 3:1 ratio of d-amphetamine to l-amphetamine in MAS XR 30-mg capsules. The pharmacokinetic profiles of MAS XR 20, 40, and 60 mg are dose proportional for the isomers.
Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly proposed to support conservation decision making. However, evidence of SDMs supporting solutions for on‐ground conservation problems is still ...scarce in the scientific literature. Here, we show that successful examples exist but are still largely hidden in the grey literature, and thus less accessible for analysis and learning. Furthermore, the decision framework within which SDMs are used is rarely made explicit. Using case studies from biological invasions, identification of critical habitats, reserve selection and translocation of endangered species, we propose that SDMs may be tailored to suit a range of decision‐making contexts when used within a structured and transparent decision‐making process. To construct appropriate SDMs to more effectively guide conservation actions, modellers need to better understand the decision process, and decision makers need to provide feedback to modellers regarding the actual use of SDMs to support conservation decisions. This could be facilitated by individuals or institutions playing the role of ‘translators’ between modellers and decision makers. We encourage species distribution modellers to get involved in real decision‐making processes that will benefit from their technical input; this strategy has the potential to better bridge theory and practice, and contribute to improve both scientific knowledge and conservation outcomes.
SUMMARY
Objective: Carbamazepine (CBZ) effectively treats simple, complex, and secondarily generalized partial seizures. Computer simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of missing or ...delaying doses of carbamazepine extended-release capsules (CBZ-ERC) on plasma CBZ levels and the optimal dosing strategy to return plasma concentrations to therapeutic levels.
Patients and methods: A one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination was generated from the results of a previous study measuring plasma concentrations following one 400-mg fasting dose of CBZ-ERC. The model was used to simulate plasma CBZ concentrations following multiple doses given every 12 h to hypothetical long-term CBZ-treated patients, with the CBZ elimination half-life set to 13.7 h to account for enzymatic autoinduction. The model was then used to simulate plasma CBZ concentrations when a dose is taken 3,6, or 9 h late, or when two doses
are taken at one time.
Results: Predicted plasma CBZ concentrations in this simulation fell from a trough of approximately 6.4μg/ml only to 4 μg/ml after 24 h without medication, and only to 2.5μg/ml after 36h without medication. Predicted plasma CBZ concentrations in this simulation never rose above 9|ig/ml, indicating that taking missed doses of CBZ-ERC as soon as remembered, up to two missed doses 3h before taking the next scheduled dose, will not lead to harmful spikes in plasma concentrations of CBZ.
Conclusions: The simulations suggest that taking a missed dose of CBZ-ERC as soon as remembered, up to two doses at one time, may be the best strategy to return plasma CBZ concentrations to steady-state levels. Since the model used in this study is a simplified model of a highly complex situation, caution should be used when relating these results to clinical practice until trials are conducted in patients.
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