During the past decades, the prevalence of gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as Helicobacter pylori infection, has markedly declined. We hypothesized that the decline in H. pylori prevalence has ...decreased the fraction of H. pylori-positive gastric and duodenal ulcers. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis in a large US population undergoing esophagogastro-duodenoscopy in community-based endoscopy centers.
The Inform Diagnostics database is a national electronic repository of histopathologic records of patients distributed throughout the United States. A cross-sectional study among 1,289,641 individual esophagogastro-duodenoscopy patients analyzed the prevalence of peptic ulcers stratified by age, sex, ethnicity, H. pylori status, year of diagnosis, and ulcer type. The joint influence of multiple predictor variables on the occurrence of gastric and duodenal ulcers was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Between 2009 and 2018, the general prevalence of H. pylori infection fell significantly from 11% to 9%. This decline was accompanied by a similar decline in the fraction of H. pylori-positive gastric ulcers from 17% to 14% and H. pylori-positive duodenal ulcers from 25% to 21%. Nowadays, only 17% of all patients with ulcer harbor H. pylori. The fraction of H. pylori-positive ulcers was significantly greater in duodenal than in gastric ulcers and in male than in female patients with ulcer. The prevalence of H. pylori was 2.6-fold higher among Hispanics and 3.2-fold higher among East Asians compared with the general population. The H. pylori prevalence fell from 24% to 22% among Hispanics and from 21% to 15% among East Asians. In East Asians and Hispanics, the fraction of H. pylori-positive gastric ulcers was 37% and 35%, respectively.
H. pylori infection continues to fall in the general population. Nowadays, even among patients with ulcer only a small minority harbors H. pylori infection.
Abstract
We present dynamical measurements from the KMOS (K-band multi-object spectrograph) Deep Survey (KDS), which comprises 77 typical star-forming galaxies at z ≃ 3.5 in the mass range 9.0 < log ...(M
⋆/M⊙) < 10.5. These measurements constrain the internal dynamics, the intrinsic velocity dispersions (σint) and rotation velocities (V
C) of galaxies in the high-redshift Universe. The mean velocity dispersion of the galaxies in our sample is
$\sigma _{\rm int} = 70.8^{+3.3}_{-3.1} \,\mathrm{km\,s}^{-1}$
, revealing that the increasing average σint with increasing redshift, reported for z ≲ 2, continues out to z ≃ 3.5. Only 36 ± 8 per cent of our galaxies are rotation-dominated (V
C/σint > 1), with the sample average V
C/σint value much smaller than at lower redshift. After carefully selecting comparable star-forming samples at multiple epochs, we find that the rotation-dominated fraction evolves with redshift with a z
−0.2 dependence. The rotation-dominated KDS galaxies show no clear offset from the local rotation velocity–stellar mass (i.e. V
C–M
⋆) relation, although a smaller fraction of the galaxies are on the relation due to the increase in the dispersion-dominated fraction. These observations are consistent with a simple equilibrium model picture, in which random motions are boosted in high-redshift galaxies by a combination of the increasing gas fractions, accretion efficiency, specific star formation rate and stellar feedback and which may provide significant pressure support against gravity on the galactic disc scale.
Despite a growing body of research suggesting that task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies often suffer from a lack of statistical power due to too-small samples, the ...proliferation of such underpowered studies continues unabated. Using large independent samples across eleven tasks, we demonstrate the impact of sample size on replicability, assessed at different levels of analysis relevant to fMRI researchers. We find that the degree of replicability for typical sample sizes is modest and that sample sizes much larger than typical (e.g.,
= 100) produce results that fall well short of perfectly replicable. Thus, our results join the existing line of work advocating for larger sample sizes. Moreover, because we test sample sizes over a fairly large range and use intuitive metrics of replicability, our hope is that our results are more understandable and convincing to researchers who may have found previous results advocating for larger samples inaccessible.
In the 20th century it was thought that novel behaviors are mediated primarily in cortex and that the development of automaticity is a process of transferring control to subcortical structures. ...However, evidence supports the view that subcortical structures, such as the striatum, make significant contributions to initial learning. More recently, there has been increasing evidence that neurons in the associative striatum are selectively activated during early learning, whereas those in the sensorimotor striatum are more active after automaticity has developed. At the same time, other recent reports indicate that automatic behaviors are striatum- and dopamine-independent, and might be mediated entirely within cortex. Resolving this apparent conflict should be a major goal of future research.
This study examines how and why a US city that is known nationally for its political progressivism continuously reaffirm its decision to maintain and expand the School Resource Officers (SRO) program ...in its high schools. By examining local discourses within a racial capitalism framework, we show that elements of racial neoliberalism re-emerge within a neoliberal therapeutic discourse that dominated decision-making processes and countered challenges to SROs in schools. This discourse argued that individual officers benefitted low-income students of color by providing care and challenging school racism. Despite research evidence and a counter discourse, which argued that SROs enacted harm and racism against low-income students of color, especially Black students, and should be removed from schools, SROs came to be an 'easy' fix to racial neoliberalism in the school district and city and contributed to the continuation and extension of the school to prison nexus.
Brown adipocytes dissipate energy, whereas white adipocytes are an energy storage site. We explored the plasticity of different white adipose tissue depots in acquiring a brown phenotype by cold ...exposure. By comparing cold-induced genes in white fat to those enriched in brown compared with white fat, at thermoneutrality we defined a "brite" transcription signature. We identified the genes, pathways, and promoter regulatory motifs associated with "browning," as these represent novel targets for understanding this process. For example, neuregulin 4 was more highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and upregulated in white fat upon cold exposure, and cell studies showed that it is a neurite outgrowth-promoting adipokine, indicative of a role in increasing adipose tissue innervation in response to cold. A cell culture system that allows us to reproduce the differential properties of the discrete adipose depots was developed to study depot-specific differences at an in vitro level. The key transcriptional events underpinning white adipose tissue to brown transition are important, as they represent an attractive proposition to overcome the detrimental effects associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes.
The normal content of eosinophils in the adult colon and the criteria for the histopathologic diagnosis of eosinophilic colitis remain undefined. This study aimed at: (1) establishing the numbers of ...eosinophils in the normal adult colon; and (2) proposing a clinicopathologic framework for the diagnosis of primary colonic eosinophilia and eosinophilic colitis. To accomplish these goals, we counted the eosinophils in the right, transverse, and left colon of 159 adults with normal colonic histology. Using a database of 1.2 million patients with colonic biopsies, we extracted all adults with a diagnosis of colonic eosinophilia. We reviewed the slides from all cases and captured demographic, clinical, and pathologic data, including information about eosinophilia in other organs. We then compared the clinical manifestations of the study patients (those with no identifiable cause of eosinophilia) to those of patients with other types of colitis. The normal eosinophil counts (per mm) were 55.7±23.4 in the right, 41.0±18.6 in the transverse, and 28.6±17.2 in the left colon. Of the 194 study patients (eosinophil counts 166-5050/mm), 63 were asymptomatic and had a normal colonoscopy. Diarrhea and abdominal pain were the commonest indications for colonoscopy (38% and 27%, respectively) among the 131 patients who had symptoms, endoscopic abnormalities, or both. Neither clinical manifestations nor endoscopic appearance were sufficiently characteristic to elicit the suspicion of colonic eosinophilia. In conclusion, primary colonic eosinophilia was extremely rare in this series (<1 in 6000 patients); one third of these patients were asymptomatic. Their clinical manifestations were not distinctive and could not have led clinicians to suspect this condition; one third of the patients were asymptomatic. We suggest that regularly reporting high colonic eosinophilia may result in increased opportunities for clinicopathologic studies that might lead to a better definition of this still elusive entity.
We report the discoveries of three transiting exoplanets. WASP-91b is a warm Jupiter (1.34 MJup, 1.03 RJup) in a 2.8-day orbit around a metal-rich K3 star. WASP-105b is a warm Jupiter (1.8 MJup, 0.96 ...RJup) in a 7.9-day orbit around a metal-rich K2 star. WASP-107b is a warm super-Neptune/sub-Saturn (0.12 MJup, 0.94 RJup) in a 5.7-day orbit around a solar-metallicity K6 star. Considering that giant planets seem to be more common around stars of higher metallicity and stars of higher mass, it is notable that the hosts are all metal-rich, late-type stars. With orbital separations that place both WASP-105b and WASP-107b in the weak-tide regime, measurements of the alignment between the planets’ orbital axes and their stars’ spin axes may help us to understand the inward migration of short-period, giant planets. The mass of WASP-107b (2.2 MNep, 0.40 MSat) places it in the transition region between the ice giants and gas giants of the Solar System. Its radius of 0.94 RJup suggests that it is a low-mass gas giant with a H/He-dominated composition. The planet thus sets a lower limit of 2.2 MNep on the planetary mass above which large gaseous envelopes can be accreted and retained by proto-planets on their way to becoming gas giants. We may discover whether WASP-107b more closely resembles an ice giant or a gas giant by measuring its atmospheric metallicity via transmission spectroscopy, for which WASP-107b is a very good target.
ABSTRACT
As part of our KMOS AGN Survey at High-redshift (KASHz), we present spatially resolved VLT/KMOS and VLT/SINFONI spectroscopic data and ALMA 870 μm continuum imaging of eight z = 1.4–2.6 ...moderate AGN ($L_{\rm 2-10 \, \rm kev}$ = 1042–1045 ergs s−1). We map O iii, H α and rest-frame FIR emission to search for any spatial anticorrelation between ionised outflows (traced by the O iii line) and star formation (SF; traced by H α and FIR), that has previously been claimed for some high-z AGN and used as evidence for negative and/or positive AGN feedback. First, we conclude that H α is unreliable to map SF inside our AGN host galaxies based on: (i) SF rates inferred from attenuation-corrected H α can lie below those inferred from FIR; (ii) the FIR continuum is more compact than the H α emission by a factor of ∼2 on average; (iii) in half of our sample, we observe significant spatial offsets between the FIR and H α emission, with an average offset of 1.4 ± 0.6 kpc. Secondly, for the five targets with outflows we find no evidence for a spatial anticorrelation between outflows and SF using either H α or FIR as a tracer. This holds for our re-analysis of a famous z = 1.6 X-ray AGN (‘XID 2028’) where positive and negative feedback has been previously claimed. Based on our results, any impact on SF by ionised outflows must be subtle, either occurring on scales below our resolution, or on long time-scales.
We present results from the KMOS LENsing Survey (KLENS), which is exploiting gravitational lensing to study the kinematics of 24 star-forming galaxies at 1.4 < z < 3.5 with a median mass of ...log(M⋆∕M⊙) = 9.6 and a median star formation rate (SFR) of 7.5 M⊙ yr−1. We find that 25% of these low mass/low SFR galaxies are rotation-dominated, while the majority of our sample shows no velocity gradient. When combining our data with other surveys, we find that the fraction of rotation-dominated galaxies increases with the stellar mass, and decreases for galaxies with a positive offset from the main sequence (higher specific star formation rate). We also investigate the evolution of the intrinsic velocity dispersion, σ0, as a function of the redshift, z, and stellar mass, M⋆, assuming galaxies in quasi-equilibrium (Toomre Q parameter equal to 1). From the z − σ0 relation, we find that the redshift evolution of the velocity dispersion is mostly expected for massive galaxies (log(M⋆∕M⊙) > 10). We derive a M⋆ − σ0 relation, using the Tully–Fisher relation, which highlights that a different evolution of the velocity dispersion is expected depending on the stellar mass, with lower velocity dispersions for lower masses, and an increase for higher masses, stronger at higher redshift. The observed velocity dispersions from this work and from comparison samples spanning 0 < z < 3.5 appear to follow this relation, except at higher redshift (z > 2), where we observe higher velocity dispersions for low masses (log(M⋆∕M⊙) ~ 9.6) and lower velocity dispersions for high masses (log(M⋆∕M⊙) ~ 10.9) than expected. This discrepancy could, for instance, suggest that galaxies at high redshift do not satisfy the stability criterion, or that the adopted parametrization of the specific star formation rate and molecular properties fail at high redshift.
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