▶ Treadmill exercise ameliorates cognitive deficits in Tg mice. ▶ Treadmill exercise reduces Aβ-42 and tau deposition in Tg mice. ▶ Treadmill exercise reduces the number of TUNEL-positive cells in Tg ...mice. ▶ Treadmill exercise reduces TC, insulin, glucose, and corticosterone levels in Tg mice. ▶ Treadmill exercise may be beneficial in prevention or treatment in AD.
The present study was undertaken to further investigate the protective effect of treadmill exercise on the hippocampal proteins associated with neuronal cell death in an aged transgenic (Tg) mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To address this, Tg mouse model of AD, Tg-NSE/PS2m, which expresses human mutant PS2 in the brain, was chosen. Animals were subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks from 24 months of age. The exercised mice were treadmill run at speed of 12
m/min, 60
min/day, 5 days/week on a 0% gradient for 3 months. Treadmill exercised mice improved cognitive function in water maze test. Treadmill exercised mice significantly reduced the expression of Aβ-42, Cox-2, and caspase-3 in the hippocampus. In parallel, treadmill exercised Tg mice decreased the phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38MAPK and tau (Ser404, Ser202, Thr231), and increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK, PI3K, Akt and GSK-3α/β. In addition, treadmill exercised Tg mice up-regulated the expressions of NGF, BDNF and phospho-CREB, and the expressions of SOD-1, SOD-2 and HSP-70. Treadmill exercised Tg mice up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, and down-regulated the expressions of cytochrome c and Bax in the hippocampus. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus in mice was significantly decreased after treadmill exercise. Finally, serum TC, insulin, glucose, and corticosterone levels were significantly decreased in the Tg mice after treadmill exercise. As a consequence of such change, Aβ-dependent neuronal cell death in the hippocampus of Tg mice was markedly suppressed following treadmill exercise. These results strongly suggest that treadmill exercise provides a therapeutic potential to inhibit both Aβ-42 and neuronal death pathways. Therefore, treadmill exercise may be beneficial in prevention or treatment of AD.
본 연구는 고지방식이로 유도된 비만 흰쥐를 대상으로 지구성 운동이 체중변화, 글루코스 내성 및 소포체 스트레스(ER-stress)에 반응에 관여하는 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 실험동물은 16주간 고지방식이를 먹인 흰쥐를 사용하였으며 집단은 Sprague-Dawley Control(SD-Con/n=4)집단, High Fat ...Control(HF-Con/n=4)집단, High Fat exercise(HF-Exe/n=4)으로 구분하고 트레드밀 운동을 하루 30분, 주 5회 총 8주간 21m/min의 속도로 실시하였다. 먼저, 체중과 글루코스 내성은 HF-Con 집단에서 유의하게 가장 높았지만 트레드밀 운동을 실시한 HF-Exe집단에서 유의한 감소를 나타났다. 또한 소포체 스트레스에 반응에 관여하는 glucose-regulated protein 78 (BiP/GRP78), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), Pancreatic ER kinase(PERK) 및 inositol-requiring 1α (IRE-1α)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1)은 HF-Con 집단에서 유의하게 증가를 나타냈고, HF-Exe 집단에서 유의한 감소가 나타났다. 따라서 지구성 운동은 고지방 식이로 유도된 비만 휜쥐의 체중 감소와 글루코스 내성을 개선시키고, 소포체 스트레스를 감소시키는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다.
This study was to performed to the effect of 8-week endurance exercise influences on body weight, glucose tolerance and ER-stress in soleus of 16weeks Rats fed High-Fat diet. Rats were randomly assigned to 3 group; (1)Sprague-Dawley Control diet (SD-Con/n=4), (2)High-Fat diet Control (HF-Con/n=4), (3)High-Fat diet Exercise (HF-Exe/n=4). Exercise group ran on the treadmill for 30min/day at the level of 21m/min for 5days/week during 8weeks. Results showed that body weight and glucose tolerance of the HF-Con group was remarkably increased(p<.05) compared to other groups. However, HF-Exe group significantly decreased body weight and glucose tolerance compared to HF-Con group. Moreover, level of GRP78, ATF6, PERK and IER1?, which are main proteins of ER-stress were significantly increased in HF-Con group higher than other group, whereas HF-Exe group significantly decreased the expression of GRP78, ATF6, PERK and IER1?. Taken together, these finding suggested that the reduction of the body weight, glucose tolerance and unfolded protein response by treadmill exercise may represent a positive adaptation protecting against high-fat diet-induced ER stress.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on inflammatory response in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
To induce the animal model ...of AD, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected into intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with 1.5 mg/kg of STZ. Rats were divided into three groups as Sham-con group (n = 7), STZ-con group (n = 7) and STZ-exe group (n = 7). Exercise group ran on the treadmill for 30 min/day, 5 days/week during 6 weeks.
The results of this study were as follows: First, STZ-exe group was improved on cognitive function when compared to STZ-con group in water maze test. Second, STZ-exe group help reduce the expression level of amyloid-beta (Aβ). In addition, Toll-like receptors-4 (TLR4), Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) level of STZ-exe group was significantly decreased when compared to STZ-con group.
These results show that treadmill exercise had positive effect on cognitive function and reduced inflammatory response in STZ-induced animal model of AD.
To advance current Li rechargeable batteries further, tremendous emphasis has been made on the development of anode materials with higher capacities than the widely commercialized graphite. Some of ...these anode materials exhibit capacities above the theoretical value predicted based on conventional mechanisms of Li storage, namely insertion, alloying, and conversion. In addition, in contrast to conventional observations of loss upon cycling, the capacity has been found to increase during repeated cycling in a significant number of cases. As the internal environment in the battery is very complicated and continuously changing, these abnormal charge storage behaviors are caused by diverse reactions. In this review, we will introduce our current understanding of reported reactions accounting for the extra capacity. It includes formation/decomposition of electrolyte-derived surface layer, the possibility of additional charge storage at sharp interfaces between electronic and ionic sinks, redox reactions of Li-containing species, unconventional activity of structural defects, and metallic-cluster like Li storage. We will also discuss how the changes in the anode can induce capacity increase upon cycling. With this knowledge, new insights into possible strategies to effectively and sustainably utilize these abnormal charge storage mechanisms to produce vertical leaps in performance of anode materials will be laid out.
With growing needs for mobility and wearable devices, developing advanced electrode materials for next-generation Li rechargeable batteries becomes one of the major challenges. To resolve this issue, ...various types of metal oxide materials have been adopted as high-capacity anode materials. In this work, a high-energy SnO2-based anode material is proposed by combinative hybridization with reduced graphene oxide, which is an efficient method to improve electrochemical performance of Li-ion battery. As a result, the Li storage performance of SnO2 and reduced graphene oxide composite electrode is remarkably enhanced in terms of reversible capacity, cyclability and rate capability. Synchrotron-based X-ray analysis has revealed that the improvement in electrochemical performances can be attributed to high and stable participation of additional conversion reaction as well as alloying reaction of SnO2 along with insertion reaction of reduced graphene oxide. In this composite electrode, we observe catalytic effect of reduced graphene oxide that improves reversibility of conversion reaction by reducing Sn–O bond strength, in addition to providing stable matrix. The information from this work will give insights into how the changes of physicochemical properties in graphene composite materials affect the electrochemical performance of electrode material and thus, provide a realizable strategy for next-generation rechargeable batteries.
•High-performance SnO2/rGO composite electrode is prepared by a facile method.•The conversion reaction occurs more reversibly by introducing rGO.•Charge transfer between carbon and SnO2 induce weaker Sn–O bond strength.•The catalytic effect of rGO on conversion reaction is due to the weakened Sn–O bond.
Synthesis of magnetically separable core@shell structured NiFe2O4@TiO2 nanomaterial and its use for photocatalytic hydrogen production by methanol/water splitting. Display omitted
•A core@shell ...structured NiFe2O4@TiO2 magnetic nanoparticle was prepared.•The significant enhancement in photoactivity was attributed to synergism between NiFe2O4 and TiO2.•Hydrogen gases were more produced over the core@shell structured NiFe2O4@TiO2 nanocatalyst.•The remarkable magnetic property of core@shell structured NiFe2O4@TiO2 enabled more convenient photocatalyst separation.
In this study, an attempt was made to modify the magnetic and photocatalytic properties of a semiconductor material to enhance the efficiency of hydrogen production and to enable photocatalyst separation. A core@shell structured NiFe2O4@TiO2 magnetic nanoparticle was prepared and characterized using various analytical tools, and its UV induced photocatalytic activity was assessed. The significant enhancement in photoactivity was attributed to synergism between NiFe2O4 and TiO2, that is, to effective charge transfer from TiO2 to NiFe2O4 and the suppression of electron/hole pair recombination. Hydrogen production from the photo-splitting methanol/water solution was greater than 10times after 8h for the core@shell structured NiFe2O4@TiO2 nanocatalyst than for either pure TiO2 or NiFe2O4.
Most previously proposed methods for the manufacture of dealloyed nanoporous copper (Cu) could not be realized for practical applications, due to their poor mechanical properties caused by the use of ...metal ‘powders’ to create a precursor alloy prior to dealloying. Therefore, a new facile synthesis is proposed based on a pack-cementation process using Cu foil instead of Cu powder. Depending on the pack-cementation time and the amount of Al, a hierarchical micro/nanoporous Cu was also created and coated with tin. The coin-cell test exhibited a four-fold higher areal capacity (7.4 mAh/cm2 without performance degradation up to 20 cycles) than graphite.
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•We compared FNS and outcomes of in situ fixation and fixation after reduction of severe valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures in those aged ≤65 yrs.•After bone union, FNS >5 mm was significantly ...less frequent in the reduction group (11%) than in the in situ group (75%).•Internal fixation after reduction is safe and effective in achieving union and restoring femoral neck length in severe valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures in those aged ≤65 yrs.
Severe valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures are associated with femoral neck shortening (FNS). However, no study has focused on the effect of reduction for severe valgus impaction in terms of healing and restoration of the femoral neck length. This study aimed to compare FNS and treatment outcomes of in situ fixation and fixation after reduction for severe valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures in patients aged 65 years or younger.
This retrospective study included 55 patients who underwent internal fixation with three parallel screws for femoral neck fractures with valgus impaction >15° (AO/OTA classification 31-B1.1) between January 2006 and December 2018. Twenty-eight and 27 patients underwent in situ fixation (in situ group) and fixation after reduction (reduction group), respectively. In the reduction group, reduction using lateral traction with a Schanz pin was performed before internal fixation. Complications such as fixation failure, non-union, and avascular necrosis (AVN), caput-collum-diaphysis (CCD) angle, posterior tilt angle, amount of FNS, and Harris Hip Score (HHS) were compared between the groups.
Bone union was achieved in all patients; AVN occurred in two patients in each group. No significant difference was seen in the preoperative characteristics between the groups. The CCD angle at 1 year postoperatively was significantly different between the groups, whereas the posterior tilt angle at 1 year postoperatively was not different. FNS at 1 year postoperatively was significantly lower in the reduction group than in the in situ group. FNS by >5 mm was significantly less frequent in the reduction group than in the in situ group (11% versus 75%). The mean HHS at 1 year and 2 years postoperatively was significantly higher in the reduction group than in the in situ group. FNS and HHS were negatively correlated; the mean HHS was significantly higher in patients with none/mild shortening (<5 mm) than in those with moderate/severe shortening (≥5 mm).
In patients aged 65 years or younger, internal fixation after reduction for severe valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures is safe and effective for achieving successful bone union and restoring the femoral neck length.
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•Sn-Cu scaffold anode fabricated by freeze-casting and electroless plating.•Sn-Cu scaffold architecture shows superior capacity and cyclic stability at high current density.•Sn-Cu ...scaffold electrode is commercially promising.
A Novel 3D porous Sn-Cu architecture is prepared as an anode material for use in an advanced lithium-ion battery. Micro-lamellar-structured 3D porous Cu foam, which is electroless-plated with Sn as an active material, is used as anode current collector. Compared to Sn-coated Cu foil, the 3D Sn-Cu foam exhibits superior Li-ion capacity and stable capacity retention, demonstrating the advantage of 3D porous architecture by preserving its structural integrity. In addition, the effect of heat-treatment after Sn plating is investigated. Sn/Sn6Cu5 and SnO2/Cu10Sn3 were formed on and in the 3D Sn-Cu foam under the heat-treatment at 150°C and 500°C, respectively. The development of Cu10Sn3 in the 3D Sn-Cu foam heat-treated at 500°C can be a key factor for the enhanced cyclic stability because the Cu10Sn3 inactively reacts with Li-ion and alleviates the volume expansion of SnO2 as an inactive matrix.
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