We use a multimessenger approach to constrain realistic mixed composition models of ultrahigh energy cosmic ray sources using the latest cosmic ray, neutrino, and gamma-ray data. We build on the ...successful Unger-Farrar-Anchordoqui 2015 (UFA15) model which explains the shape of the spectrum and its complex composition evolution via photodisintegration of accelerated nuclei in the photon field surrounding the source. We explore the constraints which can currently be placed on the redshift evolution of sources and the temperature of the photon field surrounding the sources. We show that a good fit is obtained to all data either with a source which accelerates a narrow range of nuclear masses or a Milky Way-like mix of nuclear compositions, but in the latter case the nearest source should be 30–50 Mpc away from the Milky Way in order to fit observations from the Pierre Auger Observatory. We also ask whether the data allow for a subdominant purely protonic component at UHE in addition to the primary UFA15 mixed composition component. We find that such a two-component model can significantly improve the fit to cosmic ray data while being compatible with current multimessenger data.
Alzheimer's disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder in which neuroinflammation has a critical function
. However, little is known about the contribution of the adaptive immune response in ...Alzheimer's disease
. Here, using integrated analyses of multiple cohorts, we identify peripheral and central adaptive immune changes in Alzheimer's disease. First, we performed mass cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and discovered an immune signature of Alzheimer's disease that consists of increased numbers of CD8
T effector memory CD45RA
(T
) cells. In a second cohort, we found that CD8
T
cells were negatively associated with cognition. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that T cell receptor (TCR) signalling was enhanced in these cells. Notably, by using several strategies of single-cell TCR sequencing in a third cohort, we discovered clonally expanded CD8
T
cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we used machine learning, cloning and peptide screens to demonstrate the specificity of clonally expanded TCRs in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease to two separate Epstein-Barr virus antigens. These results reveal an adaptive immune response in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease and provide evidence of clonal, antigen-experienced T cells patrolling the intrathecal space of brains affected by age-related neurodegeneration.
Abstract
The Telescope Array Collaboration recently reported the detection of a cosmic-ray particle, “Amaterasu,” with an extremely high energy of 2.4 × 10
20
eV. Here we investigate its probable ...charge and the locus of its production. Interpreted as a primary iron nucleus or slightly stripped fragment, the event fits well within the existing paradigm for UHECR composition and spectrum. Using the most up-to-date modeling of the Galactic magnetic field strength and structure, and taking into account uncertainties, we identify the likely volume from which it originated. We estimate a localization uncertainty on the source direction of 6.6% of 4
π
or 2726 deg
2
. The uncertainty of magnetic deflections and the experimental energy uncertainties contribute about equally to the localization uncertainty. The maximum source distance is 8–50 Mpc, with the range reflecting the uncertainty on the energy assignment. We provide sky maps showing the localization region of the event and superimpose the location of galaxies of different types. There are no candidate sources among powerful radio galaxies. An origin in active galactic nuclei or star-forming galaxies is unlikely but cannot be completely ruled out without a more precise energy determination. The most straightforward option is that Amaterasu was created in a transient event in an otherwise undistinguished galaxy.
Recent studies indicate that the adaptive immune system plays a role in Lewy body dementia (LBD). However, the mechanism regulating T cell brain homing in LBD is unknown. Here, we observed T cells ...adjacent to Lewy bodies and dopaminergic neurons in postmortem LBD brains. Single-cell RNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified up-regulated expression of
(
) in CD4
T cells in LBD. CSF protein levels of the CXCR4 ligand, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), were associated with neuroaxonal damage in LBD. Furthermore, we observed clonal expansion and up-regulated
expression by CD4
T cells stimulated with a phosphorylated α-synuclein epitope. Thus, CXCR4-CXCL12 signaling may represent a mechanistic target for inhibiting pathological interleukin-17–producing T cell trafficking in LBD.
Crassostrea virginica
is a well-established bivalve species for biomonitoring persistent organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aquatic environments. Differing ...biomonitoring methods employing either wild oysters inhabiting sites of interest or naïve cultured oysters deployed to sites for extended periods can be used for site evaluations. However, important differences in total contaminant concentrations accumulated have been observed between the wild and transplanted groups. Furthermore, although rearing cultured triploid oysters is widely popular in commercial farming, the difference in contaminant bioaccumulation potential between triploid and diploid cultured oysters is vastly understudied, particularly for organic contaminants such as PAH. This study explores differences in PAH kinetics between transplanted triploid and diploid cultured oysters and wild oysters at a PAH-impacted site during a 6-week field exposure study using novel immunological techniques: antibody-based biosensor technology and immunofluorescence visualization. Conventional chemical analysis of oyster tissue was also conducted for comparison. While differences were observed in the oyster interstitial fluid between the wild and transplanted oysters throughout the study, whole tissue analysis revealed differing trends at each time point. Our findings suggest that insufficient equilibration time may contribute to the differences observed between groups. Furthermore, when combined with visual evidence via immunofluorescence, internal partitioning of contaminants may be an important determinant for total concentrations measured. A better understanding of the differences observed between wild and transplanted oyster groups is necessary for improved biomonitoring. Our study highlights the value in employing novel immunological techniques to explore possible mechanisms driving these differences.
High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air ...shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which give rise to a muon component through hadron decays. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. By eliminating other possibilities, we conclude that the most plausible cause for the muon discrepancy is a deviation in the composition of secondary particles produced in high-energy hadronic interactions from current model predictions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale, which suggests that this deviation is observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An enhancement of strangeness production has been observed at the LHC in high-density events, which can potentially explain the puzzle, but the impact of the effect on forward produced hadrons needs further study, in particular with future data from oxygen beam collisions.
We discuss the global modeling of the properties of the Galactic Magnetic Field (GMF). Several improvements and variations of the model of the GMF from Jansson & Farrar (2012) (JF12) are investigated ...in an analysis constrained by all-sky rotation measures of extragalactic sources and polarized and unpolarized synchrotron emission data from WMAP and Planck. We present the impact of the investigated model variations on the propagation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in the Galaxy
We review open questions and prospects for progress in ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) research, based on a series of discussions that took place during the “The High-Energy Universe: Gamma-Ray, ...Neutrino, and Cosmic-ray Astronomy” MIAPP workshop in 2018. Specifically, we overview open questions on the origin of the bulk of UHECRs, the UHECR mass composition, the origin of the end of the cosmic-ray spectrum, the transition from Galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays, the effect of magnetic fields on the trajectories of UHECRs, anisotropy expectations for specific astrophysical scenarios, hadronic interactions, and prospects for discovering neutral particles as well as new physics at ultrahigh energies. We also briefly overview upcoming and proposed UHECR experiments and discuss their projected science reach.
This article examines the seaport as a trope in contemporary cinema in relation to notions of spatiality, illicit globalization, and border studies. We analyze how seaports as social and cultural ...networks of built environment and infrastructure have become gateways to illicit globalization. We then provide a critical analysis that unbundles these spaces in the film genre of neo-noir out of South Korea. Our focus then zooms in on real organized crime, smuggling, human trafficking and black-market transactions as refracted and bounded in the Korean films The Yellow Sea (2010) and New World (2013). Within these cinematic glamorizations of crime, we find transgressive characters contributing to what we dub "dark neoliberal accumulation" of profit through kinds of unremorseful economic predation at two seaports. Criminals and migrants in these films portend audiences to underworld activities of drug and human trafficking to serve their needs or rescue them from peril. In other ways, we scrutinize the material commodities and shipping containers themselves as having symbolic value and thus providing a commentary on the circuits of low-end global trade through transoceanic routes through Korea and worldwide.
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