•Volatile aroma compounds through coffee postharvest processing are reviewed.•Chemical changes occurring during postharvest processing are addressed.•A few volatile components of green coffee beans ...are not detected after roasting process.•Microbial-derived, odor-active compounds influence final coffee aroma.•Further research is needed on the volatile changes through drying and storage.
The aim of this review is to describe the volatile aroma compounds of green coffee beans and evaluate sources of variation in the formation and development of coffee aroma through postharvest processing. The findings of this survey showed that the volatile constituents of green coffee beans (e.g., alcohols, aldehydes, and alkanes) have no significant influence on the final coffee aroma composition, as only a few such compounds remain in the beans after roasting. On the other hand, microbial-derived, odor-active compounds produced during removal of the fruit mucilage layer, including esters, higher alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, can be detected in the final coffee product. Many postharvest processing including drying and storage processes could influence the levels of coffee aroma compositions, which remain to be elucidated. Better understanding of the effect of these processes on coffee aroma composition would assist coffee producers in the optimal selection of postharvest parameters that favor the consistent production of flavorful coffee beans.
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•Description of cocoa production chain and residual biomass generation.•Cocoa by-products as a source of high-value-added molecules.•Biotechnology as an alternative for the ...biotransformation of cocoa by-products.•Relevance of sustainability, innovation and technology in cocoa industry.
Cocoa beans provide raw materials for global food industries valued in excess of $47 billion in world exportations. Through on-farm processing, about 80% of cocoa fruit is discarded as residual biomass, including cocoa pod husks, cocoa bean shells and cocoa sweatings. Farmers routinely discard these residues/by-products during the initial cocoa bean processing steps, occupying vast areas and raising social and environmental concerns. Alternatively, this residual biomass is used as cocoa tree fertilizer. However, its disposal is performed without proper treatment, resulting in putrid odors and plant diseases. Recently, some studies have reported the use of cocoa by-products in the production of high-value-adding molecules with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In this aspect, biotechnological approaches have been shown to be a viable alternative for the transformation of this residual biomass into fine products. This article reviews the biotechnological approaches implemented for the management and exploitation of cocoa by-product. Related topics on cocoa production and residual biomass generation, sustainability and valorization of cocoa chain are addressed and discussed.
Cellulose is a potential resource to be recovered from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Enzyme formulations can be employed to hydrolyze cellulose into fermentable sugars, to be further used as ...biochemical building blocks or reducing its recalcitrance to further treatment processes. This study proposed the production, recovery and formulation of cellulase using domestic wastewater as culture medium and its application for the hydrolysis of cellulosic residues recovered from WWTPs. Cellulose was recovered from raw sanitary wastewater using a fine-mesh sieve (0.35 mm) and quantified through enzymatic hydrolysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The production, concentration and formulation of cellulase enzyme resulted in an enzymatic blend of endoglucanases (7.3 U
FP
/mL), cellobiohydrolases (7.4 U
CMC
/mL) and beta-glucosidases (4.4 U
BGL
/mL). The content of the recovered cellulosic material was 21.3% according to enzymatic hydrolysis and 27.7 for thermogravimetric results. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the WWTP residue using the produced cellulase (107.6 ± 10.2 mg
reduc
/g
residue
) showed better results than using the commercial cellulase complex (66.4 ± 2.5 mg
reduc
/g
residue
). This fact showed the potential of application of the produced enzyme for the hydrolysis of cellulosic residues recovered from WWTP processes. In a non-waste biorefinery approach, the generated hydrolysate can be further used for producing added-value biomolecules including biofuels and biochemicals.
Lately, cocoa pod husk (CPH) has received some attention from researchers due to its significant content of cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, antioxidant capacity, potential for energy ...generation, physicochemical characteristics and possibility to be used as adsorbent material or activated carbon. In this work, alkaline (NaOH 2.3% w/v) and enzymatic treatment Cellic® CTec 2 (2.4% v/v) were developed before propionic acid (PA) production using fermentable sugars derived from cocoa pod husk hydrolysate (CPHH). The physical, structural and morphological characteristics of raw and treated samples of CPH lignocellulosic matrix were assessed using tools such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The results of these analyses revealed the effectiveness of CPH sequential alkaline and enzymatic treatment for glucose production, reaching maximum concentration of 60.5 g·L
−1
and a yield of 275 mg glucose·g
−1
CPH. Subsequently, a medium composed by glucose from CPHH (7.5 g·L
−1
), as low-cost feedstock, glycerol (7.5 g·L
−1
) and yeast extract (10 g·L
−1
), was prepared to obtain PA using
Propionibacterium jensenii
DSM 20274. PA concentration reached a maximum of 10.28 ± 1.05 g·L
−1
and a productivity of 0.08 ± 0.01 g·L
−1
·h
−1
after 72 h of fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature available on the bioconversion of CPH for the specific production of PA or other organic acids. Thus, the potential of CPH to be used as substrate for PA production was demonstrated with good perspectives.
Graphic abstract
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•Abundant generation of low recalcitrant SH enables huge exploration on biorefinery.•Extrusion and IL pretreatments showed high performance and eco-friendly abilities.•SH is feedstock ...for great quality cellulose biomaterials and CA-enzymes.•Increasing number of filed patents and innovative processes on SH re-use are observed.•A lack of life cycle and techno-economic analysis for SH biorefinery was identified.
Soybean is one of the major world crops, with an annual production of 359 million tons. Each ton of processed soybean generates 50–80 kg of soybean hulls (SHs), representing 5–8% of the whole seed. Due to environmental concerns and great economic potential, the search of SHs re-use solutions are deeply discussed. The lignocellulosic composition of SHs has attracted the attention of the scientific and productive sector. Recently, some studies have reported the use of SHs in the production of medium to high value-added molecules, with potential applications in food and feed, agriculture, bioenergy, and other segments. This review presents biotechnological approaches and processes for the management and exploitation of SHs, including pre-treatment methods and fermentation techniques, for the production of different biomolecules. Great potentialities and innovations were found concerning SH exploration and valorisation of the soybean chain under a biorefinery and circular bioeconomy optic.
Added-value biomolecules’ production from cocoa pod husks: A review Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Luciana; Kley Valladares-Diestra, Kim; Amaro Bittencourt, Gustavo ...
Bioresource technology,
January 2022, 2022-Jan, 2022-01-00, 20220101, Letnik:
344, Številka:
Pt B
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
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•CPH as an important lignocellulosic material for different economic applications.•High recalcitrant CPH’s composition requires pretreatment for exploitation.•CPH is can be used in ...the production of different medium to high-value biomolecules.•Increasing number of filed patents and development of innovative processes with CPH.•CPH valorization giving social and economic support to cocoa producers.
Cocoa beans are produced through on-farm processing where residual biomass is discarded, including cocoa pod husks (CPH), cocoa bean shells and cocoa sweatings. CPH represents about 80% of these residues that are generated during the initial cocoa bean processing steps and their disposal occupies large areas, causing social and environmental concerns. In the last decades, the lignocellulosic composition of CPH has attracted the attention of the scientific and productive sector. Recently, some studies have reported the use of CPH in the production of medium to high value-added molecules, with potential applications in food and feed, agriculture, bioenergy, and other segments. This review presents biotechnological approaches and processes for the exploitation of CPH, including pre-treatment methods for the production of different biomolecules. Great perspectives and innovations were found concerning CPH exploitation and valorisation, but still more efforts are needed to valorise this potential feedstock and give support to producers in-development countries.
Alkaline pretreatment and sequential enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean hull were investigated to obtain fermentable sugars for polyhydroxyalkanoates production along with residual glycerol as low-cost ...carbon sources. Soybean hull is composed of approximately 32% cellulose, 12% hemicellulose, 6% lignin, and 11% protein. Alkaline pretreatment was carried out with 2% NaOH concentration, 10% (w/v) biomass loading, and 60 min incubation time in an autoclave at 120 °C. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) tool was employed to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process, where the variables of biomass loading, enzymes’ concentration, and time were considered. The maximum total reducing sugars concentration obtained was 115.9 g∙L−1 with an enzyme concentration of 11.5 mg protein/g dry substrate for enzyme preparation B1, 2.88 mg protein/g dry substrate for XylA, and 57.6 U/g dry substrate for β-glucosidase, after 42 h at 45 °C, and pH was 4.5. Subsequently, the saccharification step was conducted by increasing the processing scale, using a 1 L tank with stirring with a controlled temperature. Implementing the same enzyme concentrations at pH 4.5, temperature of 45 °C, 260 mL working volume, and incubation time of 42 h, under fed-batch operation with substrate feeding after 14 h and 22 h, a hydrolysate with a concentration of 185.7 g∙L−1 was obtained. Initially, to verify the influence of different carbon sources on Cupriavidus necator DSMz 545 in biomass production, batch fermentations were developed, testing laboratory-grade glucose, soybean hull hydrolysate, and waste glycerol (a by-product of biodiesel processing available in large quantities) as carbon sources in one-factor-at-a-time assays, and the mixture of soybean hull hydrolysate and waste glycerol. Then, the hydrolysate and waste glycerol were consumed by C. necator, producing 12.1 g∙L−1 of biomass and achieving 39% of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHB) accumulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that soybean hull hydrolysate has been used as a carbon source to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the results suggest that this agro-industrial by-product is a viable alternative feedstock to produce value-added components.
•Aloe vera is a source of different bioactive compounds.•Aloe vera is being used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries.•Three types of aloe vera gels are produced as raw materials.•The ...main holders of aloe vera technology are china and the united states.
Aloe vera is one of the oldest and most traditional medicinal plant in history, with its use dating back over a thousand years. Today, its biological activity is not limited to curative purposes. The expansion in the A. vera industry became evident during the 90′s, when the development of this crop began to emerge due to a global demand from consumers more concerned with a healthy lifestyle. Considering the agro-industrial and economic relevance that this plant has acquired, this work reviewed its chemical, biological, and nutritional characteristics, plant processing methods, innovations, and industrial applications. Aloe vera is a plant that contain more than 75 bioactive compounds, among them the most relevant are polysaccharides, phenolics, and phytosterols. Additionally, the main processing technologies for A. vera leaves are described, including those used to obtain pressed filleted gel, whole leaf gel and manual filleted gel. This article shows its applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries are presented and the world landscape of the million-dollar market generated around this product, which in 2018 was around $1.60 billion. The applications of A. vera in the food industry as a natural functional ingredient or as fortifier in the food products of animal and vegetable origin has been a trend explored in the last years. Finally, through an in-depth analysis of patents and research articles, the current scenario of science and innovation developed for this industry is described.
Either benznidazole (BZN) or nifurtimox (NFX) is recommended as equivalent to treat Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Nonetheless, supportive data from randomised trials is limited to individuals treated ...with BZN in southern cone countries of Latin America.
The goal of this randomised, concealed, blind, parallel-group trial is to inform the trypanocidal efficacy and safety of NFX and its equivalence to BZN among individuals with T. cruzi positive serology (TC+). Eligible individuals are TC+, 20-65 years old, with no apparent symptoms/signs or uncontrolled risk factors for cardiomyopathy and at negligible risk of re-infection. Consenting individuals (adherent to a 10-day placebo run-in phase) receive a 120-day BID blinded treatment with NFX, BZN or matching placebo (2:2:1 ratio). The four active medication arms include (1) a randomly allocated sequence of 60-day, conventional-dose (60CD) regimes (BZN 300 mg/day or NFX 480 mg/day, ratio 1:1), followed or preceded by a 60-day placebo treatment, or (2) 120-day half-dose (120HD) regimes (BZN 150 mg/day or NFX 240 mg/day, ratio 1:1). The primary efficacy outcome is the proportion of participants testing positive at least once for up to three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays (1 + PCR) 12-18 months after randomisation. A composite safety outcome includes moderate to severe adverse reactions, consistent blood marker abnormalities or treatment abandons. The trial outside Colombia (expected to recruit at least 60% of participants) is pragmatic; it may be open-label and not include all treatment groups, but it must adhere to the randomisation and data administration system and guarantee a blinded efficacy outcome evaluation. Our main comparisons include NFX groups with placebo (for superiority), NFX versus BZN groups and 60CD versus 120HD groups (for non-inferiority) and testing for the agent-dose and group-region interactions. Assuming a 1 + PCR ≥ 75% in the placebo group, up to 25% among BZN-treated and an absolute difference of up to ≥ 25% with NFX to claim its trypanocidal effect, 60-80 participants per group (at least 300 from Colombia) are needed to test our hypotheses (80-90% power; one-sided alpha level 1%).
The EQUITY trial will inform the trypanocidal effect and equivalence of nitroderivative agents NFX and BZN, particularly outside southern cone countries. Its results may challenge current recommendations and inform choices for these agents.
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02369978 . Registered on 24 February 2015.
Following publication of the original article 1, the authors notified us of a few requested editions that were not implemented adequately during proofing. The publisher apologizes for the ...inconvenience caused to our authors and readers.
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