•The ecosystem services provided by service crops in vineyards are reviewed.•Service crops in vineyards can provide ecosystem services but also disservices.•Provision of ecosystem services depends on ...service crops management.•Service crops management can be driven at short- and long-term time scales.•A framework for the management of service crops in vineyards is proposed.
Service crops are crops grown with the aim of providing non-marketed ecosystem services, i.e. differing from food, fiber and fuel production. Vineyard soils face various agronomic issues such as poor organic carbon levels, erosion, fertility losses, and numerous studies have highlighted the ability of service crops to address these issues. In addition to their ability to increase soil organic matter and fertility, and reduce runoff and erosion processes, service crops provide a large variety of ecosystem services in vineyards such as weed control, pest and disease regulation, water supply, water purification, improvement of field trafficability and maintenance of soil biodiversity. However, associating service crops with grapevines may also generate disservices and impair grape production: competition for soil resources with the grapevine is often highlighted to reject such association. Consequently, vinegrowers have to find a balance between services and disservices, depending on local soil and climate conditions, on their objectives of grape production and on the nature and temporality of the ecosystem services they expect during the grapevine cycle. This study proposes a review of the services and disservices provided by service crops in vineyards, and a framework for their management. Vinegrowers’ production objectives and pedoclimatic constraints form the preliminary stage to consider before defining a strategy of service crop management. This strategy assembles management options such as the choice of species, its spatial distribution within the vineyard, the timing of its installation, maintenance and destruction. These management options, defined for both annual and long-term time scales, form action levers which may impact cropping system functioning. Finally, we underline the importance of implementing an adaptive strategy at the seasonal time scale. Such tactical management allows adapting the cropping system to observed climate and state of the biophysical system during the grapevine cycle, in order to provide targeted services and achieve satisfactory production objectives.
is the causal agent of green mold, a primary postharvest disease of citrus fruits. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel photoactive chitosan-riboflavin bioconjugate (CH-RF) to control green ...mold in vitro and in lemon fruit. The results showed total inhibition of
growth on APDA supplemented with CH-RF at 0.5% (
/
) and a significant reduction of 84.8% at 0.25% (
/
). Lemons treated with CH-RF and kept under controlled conditions (20 °C and 90-95% relative humidity) exhibited a noteworthy reduction in green mold incidence four days post-inoculation. Notably, these effects persisted, with all treatments remaining significantly distinct from the control group until day 14. Furthermore, CH-RF showed high control of green mold in lemons after 20 days of cold storage (5 ± 1 °C). The disease incidence five days after cold storage indicated significant differences from the values observed in the control. Most CH-RF treatments showed enhanced control of green mold when riboflavin was activated by white-light exposure. These findings suggest that this novel fungicide could be a viable alternative to conventional synthetic fungicides, allowing more sustainable management of lemon fruit diseases.
Stem end rot (SER) caused by
is the primary postharvest disease in the Chilean kiwifruit industry. Relationships between the postharvest occurrence of SER in 'Hayward' kiwifruit and the temporal ...dynamics of earlier
colonization of the floral parts (petals, sepals, receptacles, styles) was studied in five orchards over two consecutive seasons in Chile. Weather conditions in the first season favored
.
infection with roughly constant colonization of floral parts up to about 120 days after full bloom, but colonization then increased up until harvest. In the second season, colonization was roughly constant throughout. Latent infections of the fruit occurred in both seasons but were high in the first season and low in the second. Incidence of latent infections at harvest were the best predictors (r > 0.8) of postharvest SER. The number of preharvest infection periods calculated using temperature, leaf wetness, and relative humidity satisfactorily predicted SER incidence by an exponential model, R
= 0.90,
< 0.001. Results indicated environmental variables play key roles in the temporal dynamics of
.
colonization. Quantification of latent
.
infections in asymptomatic fruit close to harvest, is a practicable way to predict later incidence of SER during storage.
Agroecosystems represent 38 % of global land use. Agroecosystems are located close to human settlements and are managed to produce food and fibers, traded in markets. Agroecosystems also produce ...other goods and services essential to human beings, such as climate regulation, flood mitigation, and landscape amenity. Economists and ecologists have developed the ecosystem services framework to foster the provision of these non-commercial services. Scientists can therefore help decision makers to develop sustainable ecosystems by studying ecosystem services. Here, we analyze the trade-offs of ecosystem services of farming systems. We discuss case studies of mixed perennial crops. The set of ecosystem services provided by these agroecosystems depends on their composition, structure, and management. Complex rule-based management will be required if winegrowers are to maintain an adequate set of ecosystem services across contrasting climatic years. Innovations including cover crops in banana systems can fulfill most of the objective set but will rely on increased farm labor. We then discuss the advantages, challenges, and opportunities to include the description of relations between ecosystem services in cropping system design. We propose to extend the yield gap analysis to ecosystem services, as a service gap analysis. This extension faces methodological questions about the potential provision of a service in a region. We conclude on the challenges that need to be faced if we want to use ecosystem services trade-offs to improve the contribution of agricultural systems to human well-being.
In organic phytosanitary management of vineyards, it is crucial to understand the available pathogen control alternatives in order to progress towards a more sustainable form of viticulture. The ...objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of seven biofungicides registered in Chile for the prevention and treatment of Botrytis Bunch Rot (BBR), and to test a novel fungicide composed of chitosan and riboflavin (CH-RF). Biofungicides including Trichoderma spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, and Melaleuca alternifolia were evaluated using biotests with grapevine berries. Registered products (specifically biological control agents) significantly reduced the in vitro growth of B. cinerea. However, the degree of pathogen control varied significantly among products in grapevine berries of the Chardonnay cultivar, and disease incidence and severity changed depending on the inoculation time. High control effectiveness was achieved with two biofungicides, A. pullulans (average efficacy 34%) and M. alternifolia oil (average efficacy 29%). In vitro tests showed CH-RF significantly reduced mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Noticeable differences between the new CH-RF fungicide (incidence under 50% and infection score under 1) and A. pullulans- and M. alternifolia-based products were detected in grapevine berries. Therefore, the new experimental formulation CH-RF constitutes a promising alternative for the control of B. cinerea and provides a basis for further research.
Abstract Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a fruit of tropical and subtropical zones of the world, is an important source of phytochemicals (phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins). ...Several studies have associated phytochemicals with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the polyphenolic content, the antioxidant and antifungal properties of jackfruit extracts on phytopathogenic fungi. Two phenolic extracts of jackfruit of different maturity level (J1-J2) were used. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoids (TFC) by the aluminum chloride method, the free radical trapping potential was measured using FRAP and ORAC methods. The results showed a TPC of 844 and 1,178 mgEAG/100 g and TFC of 37 and 68 mgQE/100 g, of dry jackfruit, the antioxidant potential analysis by FRAP was 7,575 and 8,691, by ORAC was 13.369 and 14.728 µmol Trolox/100 g, of dry jackfruit for J1 and J2 respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the phenolic extracts of jackfruit reduced the mycelial growth of: Penicillium digitatum (20-14%), Geotrichum candidum (56-55%), Aspergillus niger (72-67%) and Botrytis cinerea (100%-100%) for J1 and J2 respectively. We conclude that regardless of the degree of maturity, jackfruit has antioxidant and antifungal properties on phytopathogens important in agriculture.
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