A redefinition of insight-type events is presented, an initial attempt to view insight in terms of behavior analysis in the clinical context and relevant variables are suggested for their study. This ...definition assumes the insight as a novel behavior that involves the search for solutions to psychological problems. Solving a problem is discovering an effective behavior pattern, based on the creation of verbal rules that help the client to reach the solution. In this problem-solving process, a new behavior emerges, explained through the solution of a transfer task. The theoretical proposal exposed allows a better understanding of this phenomenon, overcoming the problems of mentalist conceptions about the term of insight, and contributes to a better understanding of some relevant elements of change process.
Abstract Objectives Prenatal depression is a significant public health problem and one of the main risk factors for postpartum depression. Limited research in perinatal depression has been conducted ...in Spain. The objectives of this study was to: (1) examine the feasibility of integrating a screening program for prenatal depression in an obstetrics setting in a large urban hospital in Spain; and (2) provide an initial estimate of the prevalence rate of the severity of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Study design Screening for prenatal depression was conducted during the first trimester in an obstetrics setting in an urban hospital in Madrid, Spain 2014–2015. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used as the main screener Results Of the 730 women asked to complete the screening protocol, 445 (60.9%) completed the PHQ-9 during the first trimester. Those who did not complete the screening were more likely to be immigrants and did not read Spanish. The prevalence of moderate to high severity of prenatal depressive symptoms prenatal depressive is 14.8% (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). Conclusion It is possible to integrate screening for prenatal depression in an urban obstetrics setting, but there are significant structural barriers to implementation. The prevalence of significant prenatal depressive symptoms is similar to previous research in Spain and adds to the limited research in this area.
Los estudiantes universitarios son susceptibles a presentar bajos niveles de bienestar psicológico (BP), lo que se asocia con altos niveles de ansiedad y depresión, hábitos poco saludables y baja ...aceptación de la imagen corporal (AIC), fundamentalmente en mujeres, y puede derivar en conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR). Objetivo: (1) Describir los niveles de BP, AIC y propensión a CAR; (2) determinar perfiles que integren la posesión diferenciada de BP con la AIC, la propensión a CAR y variables sociodemográficas; (3) identificar predictores de bajo nivel de BP, en estudiantes universitarias. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y ex post facto con 781 mujeres universitarias que respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire, la Escala de BP para Adultos y el Cuestionario Breve de CAR. Resultados: El 47% de las participantes presentan niveles de BP bajo, 41.4% medio y 10.8% alto; 34.8% presentó baja AIC, 50.3% media y 14.9% alta; 41.7% presentó CAR. Se detectaron cuatro perfiles de estudiantes: (1) consumen alcohol, tabaco y tienen vida sexualmente activa; (2) de áreas administrativas y ciencias sociales con una AIC alta, promedio alto, de escuelas privadas, BP de medio a alto y sin CAR; (3) áreas de la salud, ingenierías y otras, con AIC baja, promedio bajo, de escuelas públicas, BP bajo, con CAR y necesidad de atención psicológica; (4) sin consumo de alcohol y tabaco, sin vida sexual activa, con AIC media y promedio medio. Los predictores de bajo nivel de BP fueron presentar baja AIC y CAR, y reportar requerir atención psicológica.
University students are susceptible to low levels of psychological well-being (PWB), which is associated with high levels of anxiety and depression, unhealthy habits and low body image acceptance (BIA), mainly in women, and derives from risk eating behaviors (REB). Objective: (1) Describe the level of PWB, BIA and REB propensity; (2) determine profiles that integrate differentiated possession of PWB with BIA, propensity for REB, and sociodemographic variables (3) identify predictors of low PWB in women university students. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional and ex post facto study with 781 university women answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, the Scale of Psychological Well-being for Adults and the Brief Questionnaire for Risk Eating Behaviors. Results: 47.9% showed a low PWB, 41.4% medium and 10.8% high; 34.8% showed low BIA, 50.3% medium and 14.9% high. 41.7% showed REB. Four student profiles were detected: (1) they consume alcohol, tobacco and are sexually active; (2) from administrative areas and social sciences with a high BIA, high average, from a private school, medium to high PWB and without REB; (3) from areas of health, engineering and others, with low BIA, low average, from public school, low PWB, with REB and in need of psychological care; (4) without alcohol and tobacco consumption, without active sexual life, with medium and medium average BIA. Low or medium BIA, presence of REB and need for psychological care were predictors of low level of PWB.
Proporcionar y seguir reglas se ha considerado un factor importante en la eficacia de los tratamientos psicológicos; sin embargo, hace falta una clarificación conceptual de lo que se entiende por ...emitir o seguir una regla y su aplicación en el ámbito clínico. Partiendo de una revisión sobre el concepto original de conducta gobernada por reglas, nuestro propósito fue extender la definición de esta conducta orientada al proceso terapéutico. Esta definición permite su identificación y estudio momento a momento a lo largo del proceso. La extensión de esta definición puede ayudarnos a identificar el papel funcional de las reglas en el cambio terapéutico y las variables involucradas que contribuyen al entendimiento de fenómenos clínicos como la generalización. Los hallazgos que se desprendan del estudio de las reglas desde esta perspectiva podrían contribuir a aumentar la información sobre el proceso de cambio terapéutico y la mejora del ejercicio clínico.
The present work examined how the esthetic impression caused by a specific mug selection seems to influence the expected flavor elicited by a coffee beverage. Participants from Mexico viewed online ...photographs of espresso, Americano, latte and cappuccino presented in two different mugs, including a transparent glass mug and a white ceramic mug. The type of mug influenced participants' subjective ratings of the drinks. Espresso and Americano were expected to be more aromatic, bitter, hotter and more intense when served in a transparent glass mug rather than in a white ceramic mug. Results extend the knowledge of consumer preferences and bring an idea for the best way to better fulfill customer's sensory expectations.
Background
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is considered a neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by alterations in social interaction and communication, as well as patterns of restrictive ...and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). RRBs are defined as broad behaviors that comprise stereotypies, insistence on sameness, and attachment to objects or routines. RRBs can be divided into lower‐level behaviors (motor, sensory, and object‐manipulation behaviors) and higher‐level behaviors (restrictive interests, insistence on sameness, and repetitive language). According to the DSM‐5, the grade of severity in ASD partially depends on the frequency of RRBs and their consequences for disrupting the life of patients, affecting their adaptive skills, and increasing the need for parental support.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review to examine the biopsychological correlates of the symptomatic domains of RRBs according to the type of RRBs (lower‐ or higher‐level). We searched for articles from the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) using the terms: autism spectrum disorders, ASD, and autism‐related to executive functions, inhibitory control, inflexibility, cognitive flexibility, hyper or hypo connectivity, and behavioral approaches. For describing the pathophysiological mechanism of ASD, we also included animal models and followed PRISMA guidelines.
Results
One hundred and thirty‐one articles were analyzed to explain the etiology, continuance, and clinical evolution of these behaviors observed in ASD patients throughout life.
Conclusions
Biopsychological correlates involved in the origin of RRBs include alterations in a) neurotransmission system, b) brain volume, c) inadequate levels of growth factors, d) hypo‐ or hyper‐neural connectivity, e) impairments in behavioral inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and monitoring and f) non‐stimulating environments. Understanding these lower‐ and higher‐level of RRBs can help professionals to improve or design novel therapeutic strategies.
The psychobiological mechanisms that underly lower‐ or higher‐level behaviors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are not completely understood. Herein, the neurobiological, neuropsychological, and behavioral evidence that sustains the etiology of these behaviors in the pathogenesis of ASD are summarized.
Se ha reconocido la importancia de las reglas del cliente para explicar un problema psicológico y para lograr superarlo. Sin embargo, no se ha incidido en el papel que podrían tener las reglas del ...terapeuta en el proceso clínico. Como un primer paso para poder dar una respuesta al respecto, en este estudio realizamos un análisis morfológico de las verbalizaciones en forma de regla emitidas por el terapeuta a lo largo del proceso clínico con el fin de identificar un patrón de emisión de este tipo de verbalizaciones que cambie de acuerdo con los distintos momentos de la terapia. Se analizaron las verbalizaciones en forma de regla emitidas por 9 terapeutas a lo largo de 19 casos clínicos (92 sesiones). Las verbalizaciones se codificaron de acuerdo con un Sistema de Categorización de las Reglas del Terapeuta (SISC-REGLAS-T). Los resultados mostraron diferencias entre el tipo de verbalizaciones en forma de regla y el objetivo que el terapeuta persigue alcanzar en los distintos momentos de la terapia. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a comprender cómo el terapeuta utiliza las verbalizaciones en forma de reglas, lo que contribuye al esclarecimiento del papel de las reglas que emite el terapeuta para conseguir el cambio clínico. Palabras clave reglas; verbalizaciones; proceso terapéutico; cambio clínico; terapeuta. It has been pointed out the importance of the rules to explain and to treat psychological problems. However it hasn't emphasize the role that the therapist's rules could have in clinical process. As a first step to give an answer, we realize a morphological analysis of verbalization-like-rule emitted by the therapist throughout the clinical process with the aim to identify a patron of emission of this kind of verbalization that changes according to different moments of therapy. This study analyzed the verbalization-like-rules emitted by 9 therapists over 19 clinical cases (92 sessions). The verbalizations were coded according to a system of categorization of the Rules Therapist (SISC-RULES-T). The results showed differences between the type of verbalizations-like-rules and target the therapist aims to achieve at different times of therapy. These results may help to understand how the therapist uses this kind of verbalizations, helping to clarify the functional role of rules issued by the therapist for clinical change. Keywords rules; verbalization; therapeutic process; clinical change; therapist.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with three presentations: inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and combined. These may represent an independent disease entity. ...Therefore, the therapeutic approach must be focused on their neurobiological, psychological and social characteristics. To date, there is no comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of different treatments for each presentation of ADHD and each stage of development. This is as narrative overview of scientific papers that summarize the most recent findings and identify the most effective pharmacological and psychosocial treatments by ADHD presentation and age range. Evidence suggests that methylphenidate is the safest and most effective drug for the clinical management of children, adolescents and adults. Atomoxetine is effective in preschoolers and maintains similar efficacy to methylphenidate in adults, whereas guanfacine has proven to be an effective monotherapy for adults and is a worthy adjuvant for the management of cognitive symptoms. The psychosocial treatments with the best results in preschoolers are behavioral interventions that include training of primary caregivers. In adolescents, the combination of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies has shown the best results, whereas cognitive-behavioral interventions are the most effective in adults. Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments must be adjusted to the ADHD presentation and its neurocognitive characteristics through the patient's development.
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