Abstract
An attempt to combine the main verified recommendations for the organization of low-emission combustion of fuels (in relation to three main components of standardized harmful substances SN, ...NO
x
, and CO
2
) into one of the crucial modern problemsis implemented. Thepaper is devoted to the search for some general trends in the formation of emission characteristics based on the accumulated experience such as computational and experimental results obtained in CIAM.
Clarity in wine is an essential quality attribute that is recognised and valued by consumers. Despite advances made in recent times to improve technological aspects of clarification processes, the ...inherent compositional variability of wine still affects these processes. This paper reviews the complex interactions of wine constituents, for example protein, polysaccharides and phenolic substances, and the physical chemistry and current knowledge relating to wine clarification. Furthermore, it discusses potential areas of fundamental research into the mechanisms and interactions that lead to successful clarification that are required to improve the clarification process and may lead to increased process capacity and wine quality.
Four quaternary ammonium bromides of different heterocyclic compounds were investigated as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in 1
N HCl using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results were ...compared with data obtained by the polarisation resistance method. The influence of concentration and temperature (30–60
°C) was checked as well. Two structure models were found to describe the processes taking place at the interface mild steel/1
M HCl
+
inhibitor. The simpler one can be considered as a degeneration of the more complex one when the two time constants approach similar values. By fitting the structural models to the experimental results the parameter values were evaluated, as well as the time constants. A good correlation was established between the EIS and the polarisation resistance results.
New pharmaceutical cocrystals of itraconazole (ITR) with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4AmBA) and 4-hydroxybenzamide (4OHBZA) were obtained. Cocrystals were found to exhibit higher solubility, Cmax, RAUC, ...dissolution rate and supersaturation compared to the parent ITR. Binary phase diagrams, FTIR spectra, hot stage microscopy and DSC investigations were performed for the obtained forms, with special attention paid to the ITR+4OHBZA (1:2) polymorphic forms.
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•New solid forms of extremely insoluble antifungal drug itraconazole(ITR) were found.•For a cocrystal with 4-hydroxybenzamide, two enantiomorphic forms were discovered.•Formation thermodynamics of new ITR cocrystals was studied in details.•Cocrystals are found to exhibit higher solubility, Cmax, RAUC, and dissolution rate.•Cocrystals demonstrate significantly better pharmacokinetics compared to pure ITR.
In this work, the cocrystallization approach was applied to itraconazole (ITR), a very slightly soluble triazole antifungal drug, which led to the formation of two new solid forms of ITR with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4AmBA) and 4-hydroxybenzamide (4OHBZA). A thermodynamic analysis of the solid-liquid binary phase diagrams for the (ITR + 4AmBA) and (ITR + 4OHBZA) systems provided conclusive evidence of the cocrystal stoichiometry: 1:1 for the cocrystal with 4-aminobenzoic acid, and 1:2 for the cocrystal with 4-hydroxybenzamide. Powder X-Ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of two different polymorphic forms of the ITR + 4OHBZA (1:2) cocrystal obtained either through solution or melt crystallization. Cocrystal formation and polymorphic transition processes were investigated in detail by the DSC and HSM methods. The thermodynamic functions of cocrystal formation were estimated from the solubility of the cocrystals and the corresponding solubility of the pure compounds at different temperatures. The combination of ITR and 4OHBZA was found to be more favorable than the reaction between ITR and 4AmBA in terms of both Gibbs energy and enthalpy. The pH-solubility behavior of the cocrystals was investigated at different pH values using eutectic concentrations of the components and the cocrystal solubility advantage was estimated. It was found that the cocrystallization of itraconazole with 4OHBZA and 4AmBA can potentially increase the drug solubility at pH1.2 and 37 °C by 225 and 64 times, respectively. The cocrystal dissolution behavior in biorelevant media was analyzed in terms of Cmax, σmax parameters (the maximum ITR concentration and supersaturation), and AUC (the concentration area under the curve during the dissolution – supersaturation – precipitation process). The cocrystals had similar σmax values during the dissolution and sustained supersaturation for up to 6 h, which gave them an advantage in the AUC values (13–37 times higher) over the drug. The differences in the dissolution profiles of the cocrystals were rationalized in terms of their dissolution rate values.
► The investigated quaternary ammonium salts are good corrosion inhibitors for steel in 1
M HCl. ► In EIS one or two time constants appear depending on concentration. ► Two structural models for the ...interface were used to determine the process parameters. ► Polarisation resistance measured with dc technique and is in good agreement with EIS data.
Seven quaternary ammonium bromides of different heterocyclic compounds were investigated as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in 1
M HCl using electrochemical impedance and polarisation resistance techniques. Adequate structure models of the interface as well as some data on the kinetics of the partial processes are presented. Experimental data revealed frequency distribution of the capacitance, simulated as constant phase element. The values of the structure models and the time constants have been found by fitting the experimental curves. The values of the resistances were compared with those obtained from dc polarisation resistance measurements. The inhibitor efficiency of the studied compounds was determined.
Water scarcity and global warming make drought-tolerant plant species more in-demand than ever. The most drastic damage exerted by drought occurs during the critical growth stages of seed development ...and reproduction. In the course of their evolution, plants form a variety of drought-tolerance mechanisms, including recruiting beneficial microorganisms. Legumes (one of the three largest groups of higher plants) have unique features and the potential to adapt to abiotic stress. The available literature discusses the genetic (breeding) and physiological aspects of drought tolerance in legumes, neglecting the role of the microbiome. Our review aims to fill this gap: starting with the physiological mechanisms of legume drought adaptation, we describe the symbiotic relationship of the plant host with the microbial community and its role in facing drought. We consider two types of studies related to microbiomes in low-water conditions: comparisons and microbiome engineering (modulation). The first type of research includes diversity shifts and the isolation of microorganisms from the various plant niches to which they belong. The second type focuses on manipulating the plant holobiont through microbiome engineering—a promising biotech strategy to improve the yield and stress-resistance of legumes.
Recent studies have shown that stratigraphically disturbed meteoric ice bedded at Vostok Station between 3318 and 3539 m dates back to 1.2 Ma BP and possibly beyond. As part of the VOICE (Vostok ...Oldest Ice Challenge) initiative, a new deviation from parent hole 5G-1 was made at depths of 3270–3291 m in the 2018/19 austral season with the aim of obtaining a replicate core of the old ice. Sidetracking was initiated using the standard KEMS-132 electromechanical drill routinely employed for deep ice coring at Vostok, without significant changes to its initial design. Here we describe the method and operating procedures for replicate coring at a targeted depth in an existing slant hole, involving the use of a cable-suspended electromechanical drill. The design of the milling cutter head used for sidetracking is presented. The performance characteristics and the experience of drilling branch-hole 5G-5 at Vostok are described and discussed.
Glioma is a diverse category of tumors originating from glial cells encompasses various subtypes, based on the specific type of glial cells involved. The most aggressive is glioblastoma multiforme ...(GBM), which stands as the predominant primary malignant tumor within the central nervous system in adults. Despite the application of treatment strategy, the median survival rate for GBM patients still hovers around 15 months. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are artificially engineered viruses designed to selectively target and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. While clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging results with intratumoral OV injections for some cancers, applying this approach to GBM presents unique challenges. Here we elaborate on current trends in oncolytic viral therapy and their delivery methods. We delve into the various methods of delivering OVs for therapy, exploring their respective advantages and disadvantages and discussing how selecting the optimal delivery method can enhance the efficacy of this innovative treatment approach.
•Current GBM therapeutic approaches have limited potential on the prognosis and show 15 months of median survival.•Oncolytic viral therapy is a cutting-edge therapeutic approach that has shown significant promise due to their ability selectively targeting and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.•Recent findings suggest that OV therapy may enhance the effectiveness of the “gold standard” treatment, potentially alleviating side effects and improving patient outcomes.
•Deep acceptor states introduced into n-Ga2O3 by irradiation. This enables us to control, the density of these states.•Measurement of current collection efficiency show the capture of holes by deep ...acceptors gives rise to a decrease in Schottky barrier height and an increase of the electron current flow responsible for the observed high gain.•This mechanisms explains the high photoconductive gains reported in the literature for Ga2O3 photodetectors.•The reported observation could form a basis for improvement of photosensitivity of Ga2O3-based solar-blind photodetectors.
Lightly n-type doped Ga2O3 layers grown by Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) on bulk n+-Ga2O3 substrates were subjected to irradiation with fast reactor neutrons, 20 MeV protons, or treatment in high ion density Ar plasma. These treatments lead to a marked increase in the concentration of deep acceptors in the lower half of the bandgap. These acceptors have optical ionization thresholds near 2.3 eV and 3.1 eV. There is a simultaneous strong enhancement of the photocurrent of Schottky diodes fabricated on these layers in the UV spectral range, and a large increase in the Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) collection efficiency. The gain in photocurrent at −10 V reached 18 times for neutron and proton irradiated samples, and 104 times for the plasma treated samples. Similar increases in gain were observed in the EBIC current collection efficiency for beam energy 4 keV. With such beam energy, the electron–hole pairs are generated well within the space charge region. The results are explained by assuming that the capture of photoinduced or electron-beam-induced holes by the deep acceptors gives rise to a decrease in the effective Schottky barrier height and an increase of the electron current flow that is responsible for the observed high gain. The reported observation could form a basis for radical improvement of photosensitivity of Ga2O3-based solar-blind photodetectors. However, the photocurrent build-up and decay times in this mechanism are inherently long, on the order of some seconds.
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