ERCS24, an updated version of the ERCS08 program, calculates the atomic electron removal cross sections. It is written in FORTRAN in order to make it more portable and easier to customize by a large ...community of physicists, but it also comes with a separate windows graphics user interface control application ERCS24w that makes it easy to quickly prepare the input file, run the program, as well as view and analyze the output. The calculations are based on the ECPSSR theory for direct (Coulomb) ionization and non-radiative electron capture. With versatility in mind, the program allows for selective inclusion or exclusion of individual contributions to the cross sections from effects such as projectile energy loss, Coulomb deflection of the projectile, perturbation of electron's stationary state (polarization and binding), as well as relativity. This makes it straightforward to assess the importance of each effect in a given collision regime. The control application also makes it easy to setup for calculations in inverse kinematics (i.e. ionization of projectile ions by target atoms or ions).
Program title: ERCS24
CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/5yny6nc9x9.1
Licensing provisions: MIT
Programming language: FORTRAN (using double precision)
Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Commun. 180 (2009) 995–1003.
Does the new version supersede the previous version?: Yes
Reasons for the new version and brief descriptions of the revisions:
(1) Since GNU FORTRAN compiler is widely available at no charge, it is adopted as a standard. Even though the source code of the original version of this program (ERCS08) can be successfully compiled by GNU FRORTRAN compiler and linked without any errors or warnings, problems related to standard input and output do occur at run time. These problems are corrected in the current version of the program (ERCS24), as tested by the latest available versions of the compiler (gFortran 13.2.0–32 and 13.2.0–64) 1. Specifically, the stop' ' statement (line 279 in the original source code) has been commented out, while reading from the input file ERCS.dat and writing to the output file ERCS.out, originally assigned to input/output (I/O) units 5 and 6 are now assigned to I/O units 3 and 4, respectively.
(2) Erroneous expressions for ECPSSR cross sections for K- and L-shell ionization by relativistic proton projectiles 2 were replaced by the correct ones 3. Accuracy of the results was verified by reproducing the data from Fig. 4 of Ref. 2.
(3) Erroneous expressions for limits of integration of the electron transition form factor 4 were corrected as suggested by Šmit and Lapicki 5. Accuracy of the results was verified by reproducing the data from Table 2 of Ref. 5. This correction primarily affects calculations for collisions in the adiabatic regime. In the notation of Refs. 5,6, the correct limits of integration of the electron transition form factor over scaled square of the momentum transfer (Q) and energy transfer (W) areQa=μR2yRΘ21−1−1/(μRΘyRn22)2,Qb=μR2yRΘ21+1−1/(μRΘyRn22)2,Wa=Θ/n22, andWQ=2QyRΘ2−Q/μR,where Θ=ζsθs, yR=msRy=msRηs/Θ2=ηsR/Θ2, and μR=μ/msR.
(4) Values of the fundamental physical quantities used in the calculations were updated and are now taken from the most recent recommended set currently available 7.
(5) The list of chemical element names in file ElementList.txt has been updated.
(6) The windows graphics user interface ERCS08w was updated to ERCS24w. It was compiled as a 64-bit application using the latest freely available version of the Microsoft™ Visual Studio (VS 2020) 8.
(7) Program license terms have been updated.
Nature of problem: ECPSSR has become a typical tag word for a theory that goes beyond the standard plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) in order to predict the cross sections for direct (Coulomb) ionization of atomic electrons by projectile ions, taking into account the energy loss (E) and Coulomb deflection (C) of the projectile, as well as the perturbed stationary state (PSS) and relativistic nature (R) of the target electron. Its treatment of non-radiative electron capture to the projectile goes beyond the Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers approximation (OBK) to include the effects of C, PSS, and R. PSS is described in terms of increased target electron binding (B) due to the presence of the projectile in the vicinity of the target nucleus, and (for direct ionization only) polarization of the target electron cloud (P) while projectile is outside the electron's shell radius. Several modifications of the theory have been recently suggested or endorsed by one of its authors (Lapicki). These modifications are sometimes explicit in the tag word (for example, eCPSSR, eCUSR, ReCPSShsR, etc.) A cross section for the ionization of a target electron is assumed to equal the sum of the cross sections for direct ionization (DI) and electron capture (EC).
Additional comments:
(i) Restrictions: The program is restricted to the ionization of K, L, and M electrons. The theory is non-relativistic, which effectively limits its applicability to projectile energies up to about 50 MeV/amu. However, the theory is extended to apply to relativistic light projectiles. Radiative electron capture is not taken into account, since its contribution is found to be negligible in the collision regimes covered by the ECPSSR theory.
(ii) Unusual features: Windows graphics user interface along with a FORTRAN code for calculations, selective inclusion or exclusion of specific corrections, inclusion of the extension to relativistic light projectiles, inclusion of non-radiative electron capture.
FITEVT is a FORTRAN program designed to analyze recorded arrival times of nuclear-decay events affected by dead-time. The primary goal of the program is precise and accurate determination of ...half-lives. Its method involves imposition of a known sufficiently long extending dead-time to the recorded event sequence, so that the original dead-time effects are completely obliterated and the remaining live-times of the survived events are known exactly. Upon completion of the analysis, the arrival-time spectrum and the live-time spectrum are predicted and compared to those constructed from the survived events.
Program title: FITEVT
Licensing provisions: MIT
CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/scg6p9jxjk.1
Programming language: FORTRAN (using double precision)
Nature of problem: Accurate determination of the ideal event rate from the observed event rate in a nuclear decay can be a challenging task due to the inevitable presence of detection system's dead-time, whose nature and extent are typically unknown. Consequently, the results of nuclear half-life measurements may depend on the method used to correct for event losses due to dead-time. Therefore, there is a need for an exact method of data analysis and the means to apply it in order to ensure reproducibility, accuracy and optimized precision of the results.
Solution method: FITEVT performs arrival-time analysis of the recorded events, in which a known, sufficiently large extending dead-time is imposed by means of software, so that in the resulting set of survived events the original dead-time effects are completely replaced by the effects of the imposed dead-time. As a result, the dead-time following each survived event and the remaining live-time preceding each surviving event are known exactly. This allows for application of the maximum-likelihood method of estimation, in which the half-lives as well as the other parameters of the ideal-decay-rate function can be accurately determined.
Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: In its original form the program can handle contributions from a constant event rate (i.e., a typical background) plus up to 4 different exponentially-decaying event rates. One of these 4 contributions is allowed to be negative, so that the program can be applied to the general case involving a single two-component decay chain. The employed method of analysis produces accurate results even when the product of the ideal event rate (ρ) and the extending dead-time parameter (τe) is as large as 51.2 1. Example used in the present paper involves simulated events having initial rate of 105 s−1, to which extending dead-time of 64 μs is imposed.
Data analysis is based on maximum-likelihood principle, in which minimization of the deviance involves calculations in double precision and determination of its derivatives is based on analytical expressions. This is done in order to optimize precision and accuracy of the results as well as the program execution time.
With the provided input data and a typical contemporary laptop computer, the program execution typically lasts about 5 minutes. Reducing the imposed dead-time to zero increases the number of survived events approximately by a factor of 6, but the program execution time increases by about a factor of 3.
1V. Horvat, J.C. Hardy, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 713 (2013) 19.
ERCS08 is a program for computing the atomic
electron
removal
cross
sections. It is written in FORTRAN in order to make it more portable and easier to customize by a large community of physicists, ...but it also comes with a separate windows graphics user interface control application ERCS08w that makes it easy to quickly prepare the input file, run the program, as well as view and analyze the output. The calculations are based on the ECPSSR theory for direct (Coulomb) ionization and non-radiative electron capture. With versatility in mind, the program allows for selective inclusion or exclusion of individual contributions to the cross sections from effects such as projectile energy loss, Coulomb deflection of the projectile, perturbation of electron's stationary state (polarization and binding), as well as relativity. This makes it straightforward to assess the importance of each effect in a given collision regime. The control application also makes it easy to setup for calculations in inverse kinematics (i.e. ionization of projectile ions by target atoms or ions).
Program title: ERCS08
Catalogue identifier: AECU_v1_0
Program summary URL:
http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AECU_v1_0.html
Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland
Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence,
http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html
No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 12 832
No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 318 420
Distribution format: tar.gz
Programming language: Once the input file is prepared (using a text editor or ERCS08w), all the calculations are done in FORTRAN using double precision.
Computer: see “Operating system” below
Operating system: The main program (ERCS08) can run on any computer equipped with a FORTRAN compiler. Its pre-compiled executable file (supplied) runs under DOS or Windows. The supplied graphics user interface control application (ERCS08w) requires a Windows operating system. ERCS08w is designed to be used along with a text editor. Any editor can be used, including the one that comes with the operating system (for example, Edit for DOS or Notepad for Windows).
Classification: 16.7, 16.8
Nature of problem: ECPSSR has become a typical tag word for a theory that goes beyond the standard plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) in order to predict the cross sections for direct (Coulomb) ionization of atomic electrons by projectile ions, taking into account the energy loss (E) and Coulomb deflection (C) of the projectile, as well as the perturbed stationary state (PSS) and relativistic nature (R) of the target electron. Its treatment of non-radiative electron capture to the projectile goes beyond the Oppenheimer–Brinkman–Kramers approximation (OBK) to include the effects of C, PSS, and R. PSS is described in terms of increased target electron binding (B) due to the presence of the projectile in the vicinity of the target nucleus, and (for direct ionization only) polarization of the target electron cloud (P) while projectile is outside the electron's shell radius. Several modifications of the theory have been recently suggested or endorsed by one of its authors (Lapicki). These modifications are sometimes explicit in the tag word (for example, eCPSSR, eCUSR, ReCPSShsR, etc.) A cross section for the ionization of a target electron is assumed to equal the sum of the cross sections for direct ionization (DI) and electron capture (EC).
Solution method: The calculations are based on the ECPSSR theory for direct (Coulomb) ionization and non-radiative electron capture. With versatility in mind, the program allows for selective inclusion or exclusion of individual contributions to the cross sections from effects such as projectile energy loss, Coulomb deflection of the projectile, perturbation of electron's stationary state (polarization and binding), as well as relativity. This makes it straightforward to assess the importance of each effect in a given collision regime. The control application also makes it easy to setup for calculations in inverse kinematics (i.e. ionization of projectile ions by target atoms or ions).
Restrictions: The program is restricted to the ionization of K, L, and M electrons. The theory is non-relativistic, which effectively limits its applicability to projectile energies up to about 50 MeV/amu. However, the theory is extended to apply to relativistic light projectiles. Radiative electron capture is not taken into account, since its contribution is found to be negligible in the collision regimes covered by the ECPSSR theory.
Unusual features: Windows graphics user interface along with a FORTRAN code for calculations, selective inclusion or exclusion of specific corrections, inclusion of the extension to relativistic light projectiles, inclusion of non-radiative electron capture.
Running time: Running the program using the input data provided with the distribution only takes a few seconds.
Kašić je svoj konverzacijski priručnik donio sa sobom u novicijat, u Rim. Kad je General od Vrančića dobio petojezični rječnik, predao ga je Kašiću da na temelju njega je napiše hrvatsko-talijanski ...rječnik. Osnovana je i akademija hrvatskoga jezika, a Kašić je imenovan prvim nastavnikom. Kašić je poslije u svojim djelima dodavao pravopisne upute kako čitati i pisati. U radu su prikazane te upute u različitim izdanjima.
Kašić brought his conversational manual with him to the novitiate, to Rome. When General received the five-language dictionary from Vrančić, he forward it to Kašić to compose a Croatian-Italian ...dictionary on the basis of it. The Academy of Croatian language was also founded, and Kašić was the first teacher. Later in his works, Kašić added spelling instructions on how to read and write. The article shows these instructions in various publications.
U hrvatskom razgovornom jeziku strane riječi za zanimanja i službe često se upotrebljavaju u muškom rodu bez obzira na činjenicu je li djelatnik muškarac ili žena, na primjer: ona je direktor, ...odvjetnik, vozač.
This paper deals with the prison system in the Netherlands in light of the current turn in criminal policy. By resolving the significant problem of threatening overcapacity in Dutch penitentiary ...institutions an answer is offered to the question that penologists have been asking for the past three decades: Are the prisons entering a new phase of their development and function? The personality of the prisoner and his psychosocial recuperation, as the absolute focus and historical determinant of the Dutch prisons' philosophy, fall into a subordinate position in public demands for the safety of the society as well as insisting of political structures on the reducing costs of the system. The coincidence of political demand for reducing the costs by applying modern technological achievements in the fields of supervision and control, for the first time in history, allows extensive application of extramural forms of punishment, which closes a transitional institution in the process of punishing the vast majority of prisoners, for whom intramural rehabilitation programmes are being reduced. Full and exclusive institutionalization is subjected to limited groups of prisoners convicted for the hardest criminal offenses. The paper deals with the historical background of social and political developments in the Netherlands that have determined the new direction of the penal policy, and thus the nature of the prisons. In the second part of the paper, the above course of research continues in the direction of thoroughly elaborating the ways of functioning and structure of the modern prison system in the Netherlands, with an overview of the functioning of standard and experimental forms of penitentiary programs.
The Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute Radiation Effects Facility has made several facility developments in the preceding years including the addition of 9.4 and 15 MeV/u heavy ion beams to the ...K150 SEELine, a new heavy ion beam to the K500 SEELine, a second ECR ion source for the K500 SEELine, and a remote DUT heating system to both SEELines. The additions of heavy ion beam testing to the K150 SEELine and the second ECR ion source to the K500 in particular have improved reliability and uptime of beam hours provided by the Cyclotron Institute to address the growing demand for beam time in the radiation effects testing industry.
In the late 16th century, German Jesuits prepared a methodical handbook for their students to help them master differences in gender between Latin words and synonymous German words, as well as other ...difficult sections in Latin grammar. The handbook was first published under the title Vocabula Grammaticae Emmanuelis Alvari (1584) and later as Syllabus (Omnium) Vocabulorum Grammaticae Emmanuelis Alvari. This paper describes the chronology and content of the handbook and compares it to Croatian editions from 1726 and 1735 which are attributed to Juraj Habdelić and Andrija Jambrešić, as well as to Mikloušić’s handbook of the same title.
Godine 1572. objavljena je gramatika latinskoga jezika portugalskoga isusovca Manuela Alvaresa SJ (1526.–1582.) naslovljena De Institutione Grammaticae Libri Tres. Ta je gramatika 1599. u Ratio studiorum proglašena standardnim školskim priručnikom u isusovačkim školama. Njemački su isusovci za potrebe svojih đaka priredili posebni mali metodički priručnik koji pomaže u svladavanju jednoga težega poglavlja u
Alvaresovoj gramatici, obrađujući problem roda i druge teže sadržaje gramatike. Najstariji takav priručnik objavljen je 1584. u Würzburgu pod
naslovom Vocabula Grammaticae. Najstarije dostupno izdanje popisa riječi Alvaresove gramatike objavljeno je u Augsburgu 1610. godine: Syllabus Omnium Vocabulorum Grammaticae Emmanuelis Alvari. Iz njegova sadržaja vidljivo je da se odnosi na drugi dio prve knjige Alvaresove gramatike naslovljen De generibus nominum et declinationibus atque verborum praeteritis. U Syllabusu riječi nisu poredane abecednim redom, nego slijede metodiku nastave latinskoga jezika. Na njemačkom govornom području taj je priručnik bio izuzetno popularan i do kraja 18. stoljeća
objavljen je u više desetaka izdanja. U 18. stoljeću priređene su verzije za druge jezike: mađarski i slovački (1713.), hrvatski (1726.), talijanski (1681.–1728.) i francuski (1742.), od kojih mnoge u više izdanja, uvijek poštujući izvorni koncept koji su osmislili njemački isusovci krajem 16. stoljeća. Hrvatskomu jeziku prilagodili su ga zagrebački isusovci te objavili 1726., i ponovo 1735. godine. Tu je prilagodbu mogao tehnički provesti bilo tko od isusovačkih patara te je jasno da to nitko od njih nije mogao potpisati kao svoje autorsko djelo.
Godine 1796. pod naslovom Syllabus vocabulorum objavio je za hrvatski Tomaš Mikloušić svoj priručnik, koji ne slijedi izvornu ideju isusovačkoga Syllabusa, nego je Mikloušićev autorski metodički priručnik
za svladavanje Alvaresove gramatike u cjelini. U radu se prvi puta daje
popis svjetskih izdanja isusovačkoga priručnika Vocabula Grammaticae, odnosno Syllabus (Omnium) Vocabulorum Grammaticae Emmanuelis Alvari, do kojih su autori došli do objave rada.
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