•Sb/Sb2O3 formation is an interplay between Sb ECD and precipitation of Sb2O3.•Local pH shifts causing the precipitation of Sb2O3 are monitored for the first time.•Critical deposition conditions and ...the Sb nucleation mechanism are determined.•ECD rate, pH shift and Sb2O3 layer are responsible Sb/Sb2O3 composite properties.•A model for the formation mechanism of Sb/Sb2O3 composites is proposed.
Antimony (Sb) and antimony oxide have (Sb2O3) gained attention in research and industry in recent years because of their potential use in secondary batteries and as materials for sensor applications. As shown in recent studies, Sb/Sb2O3 composites with a variety of nanostructures and compositions can be manufactured by a straightforward electrochemical deposition process. In the present work the formation mechanism of Sb/Sb2O3 composites is investigated by means of electrochemical and chemical methods combined with electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A local pH shift, caused by the electrodeposition of Sb and leading to the co-deposition of Sb2O3, is verified experimentally for the first time. The Sb nucleation mechanism is investigated by fast transient measurements. The formation of Sb2O3 is examined by titration with KOH. Based on the results, a nucleation and growth model is proposed that explains the development of different Sb/Sb2O3 structures and compositions depending on the applied electrochemical process parameters.
Mucor species are common soil fungi but also known as agents of human infections (mucormycosis) and used in food production and biotechnology. Mucor circinelloides is the Mucor species that is most ...frequently isolated from clinical sources. The taxonomy of Mucor
circinelloides and its close relatives (Mucor circinelloides complex - MCC) is still based on morphology and mating behaviour. The aim of the present study was a revised taxonomy of the MCC using a polyphasic approach. Using a set of 100 strains molecular phylogenetic analysis
of five markers (ITS, rpb1, tsr1, mcm7, and cfs, introduced here) were performed, combined with phenotypic studies, mating tests and the determination of the maximum growth temperatures. The multi-locus analyses revealed 16 phylogenetic species of which 14 showed
distinct phenotypical traits and were recognised as discrete species. Five of these species are introduced as novel taxa: M. amethystinus sp. nov., M. atramentarius sp. nov., M. variicolumellatus sp. nov., M. pseudocircinelloides sp. nov., and M. pseudolusitanicus
sp. nov. The former formae of M. circinelloides represent one or two separate species. In the MCC, the simple presence of well-shaped zygospores only indicates a close relation of both strains, but not necessarily conspecificity. Seven species of the MCC have been implemented in human
infection: M. circinelloides, M. griseocyanus, M. janssenii, M. lusitanicus, M. ramosissimus, M. variicolumellatus, and M. velutinosus.
We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser facility, where we used a high intensity (∼10^{20} W/cm^{2}) x-ray pump x-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic ...structure of silicon induced by x-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering and a transition to a disordered, liquidlike state with a structure significantly different from liquid silicon. The disordering occurs within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale that agrees well with first principles simulations, and is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior, suggesting that both the phase change and disordered state reached are dominated by Coulomb forces. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change.
This review discusses the most relevant aspects of nutritional, reproductive and health management, the three pillars of flock efficiency, production and sustainability regarding the intensification ...of production in sheep and goats. In small ruminants, reproductive management is dependent on seasonality, which in turn depends on breed and latitude. Nutrition represents the major cost for flocks and greatly affects their health, the quality of their products and their environmental impact. High-yielding sheep and goats have very high requirements and dietary intake, requiring nutrient-dense diets and sophisticated nutritional management that should always consider the strong interrelationships among nutrition, immunity, health, reproduction, housing and farm management. The reproductive pattern is to a great extent assisted by out-of-season breeding, facilitating genetic improvement schemes, and more recently by advanced reproductive technologies. Heath management aims to control or eradicate economic and zoonotic diseases, ensuring animal health and welfare, food safety and low ecosystem and environmental impacts in relation to chemical residues and pathogen circulation. In highly producing systems, nutrition, genetic and hazard factors assume a complex interrelationship. Genomic and management improvement research and technological innovation are the keys to sustain sheep and goat production in the future.
The gas and ice giants in our solar system can be seen as a natural laboratory for the physics of highly compressed matter at temperatures up to thousands of kelvins. In turn, our understanding of ...their structure and evolution depends critically on our ability to model such matter. One key aspect is the miscibility of the elements in their interiors. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray Thomson scattering to quantify the degree of species separation in a 1:1 carbon-hydrogen mixture at a pressure of ~150 GPa and a temperature of ~5000 K. Our measurements provide absolute values of the structure factor that encodes the microscopic arrangement of the particles. From these data, we find a lower limit of Formula: see text% of the carbon atoms forming isolated carbon clusters. In principle, this procedure can be employed for investigating the miscibility behaviour of any binary mixture at the high-pressure environment of planetary interiors, in particular, for non-crystalline samples where it is difficult to obtain conclusive results from X-ray diffraction. Moreover, this method will enable unprecedented measurements of mixing/demixing kinetics in dense plasma environments, e.g., induced by chemistry or hydrodynamic instabilities.
The Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) are one of the most ancient groups of fungi comprising ubiquitous, mostly saprotrophic organisms. The first comprehensive molecular studies 11 yr ago revealed the ...traditional classification scheme, mainly based on morphology, as highly artificial.
Since then only single clades have been investigated in detail but a robust classification of the higher levels based on DNA data has not been published yet. Therefore we provide a classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of four molecular markers including the large and the small subunit
of the ribosomal DNA, the partial actin gene and the partial gene for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha. The dataset comprises 201 isolates in 103 species and represents about one half of the currently accepted species in this order. Previous family concepts are reviewed and the family
structure inferred from the multilocus phylogeny is introduced and discussed. Main differences between the current classification and preceding concepts affects the existing families Lichtheimiaceae and Cunninghamellaceae, as well as the genera Backusella and Lentamyces
which recently obtained the status of families along with the Rhizopodaceae comprising Rhizopus, Sporodiniella and Syzygites. Compensatory base change analyses in the Lichtheimiaceae confirmed the lower level classification of Lichtheimia and Rhizomucor
while genera such as Circinella or Syncephalastrum completely lacked compensatory base changes.
The present work focuses on the application of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a facile process to generate homogeneous layers of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using water as an ...environmentally friendly solvent. The EPD process requires a pretreatment of the commercially available MWCNT powder to create a surface charge on the surfaces of the MWCNTs as well as to realize stable suspensions. After pre-treatment, the electrophoretic mobility of the MWCNTs was approximately μ ≈ − 4.3 · 10−4cm2V−1s−1 and the resulting ζ-potential is in the range of ζ ≈ −55 mV. The suspension showed no sedimentation over 50 days. The EPD was carried out at an applied voltage of 50 V. The MWCNTs were successfully deposited as open porous layers on gold as well as on aluminum. The specific double layer capacitance of the MWCNT-layers on gold amounts to C ≈ 11.9 Fg−1.
However, on aluminum as substrate, the EPD of the MWCNTs is associated with the formation of a thin barrier like oxide film. In this case a major part of the applied voltage drops down across the oxide film and only a minor part across the suspension. Consequently, the field strength in the suspension decreases. Moreover, the capacitance of the oxide film dominates the whole capacitance of the electrode. The specific capacitance amounts to C = 0.3 mFg−1 related to the deposited mass of MWCNTs.
•Electrophoretic deposition of MWCNTs on gold and aluminum•Environmentally friendly electrophoretic deposition from aqueous solution•Evidence of oxide formation on interface Al/MWCNTs
The basal fungal order Mortierellales constitutes one of the largest orders in the basal lineages. This group consists of one family and six genera. Most species are saprobic soil inhabiting fungi ...with the ability of diverse biotransformations or the accumulation of unsaturated
fatty acids, making them attractive for biotechnological applications. Only few studies exist aiming at the revelation of the evolutionary relationships of this interesting fungal group. This study includes the largest dataset of LSU and ITS sequences for more than 400 specimens containing
63 type or reference strains. Based on a LSU phylogram, fungal groups were defined and evaluated using ITS sequences and morphological features. Traditional morphology-based classification schemes were rejected, because the morphology of the Mortierellales seems to depend on culture
conditions, a fact, which makes the identification of synapomorphic characters tedious. This study belongs to the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses for the Mortierellales up to date and reveals unresolved species and species complexes.
Abstract
We present structure and equation of state (EOS) measurements of biaxially orientated polyethylene terephthalate (PET,
$$({\hbox {C}}_{10} {\hbox {H}}_8 {\hbox {O}}_4)_n$$
(
C
10
H
8
O
4
)
n
..., also called mylar) shock-compressed to (
$$155 \pm 20$$
155
±
20
) GPa and (
$$6000 \pm 1000$$
6000
±
1000
) K using in situ X-ray diffraction, Doppler velocimetry, and optical pyrometry. Comparing to density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations, we find a highly correlated liquid at conditions differing from predictions by some equations of state tables, which underlines the influence of complex chemical interactions in this regime. EOS calculations from ab initio DFT-MD simulations and shock Hugoniot measurements of density, pressure and temperature confirm the discrepancy to these tables and present an experimentally benchmarked correction to the description of PET as an exemplary material to represent the mixture of light elements at planetary interior conditions.
Prevalence and incidence of food hypersensitivity (FHS) and its trends in early childhood are unclear.
A birth cohort born on the Isle of Wight (UK) between 2001 and 2002 was followed-up ...prospectively. Children were clinically examined and skin prick tested at set times and invited for food challenges when indicated.
Nine hundred and sixty-nine children were recruited and 92.9%, 88.5% and 91.9% of them respectively were assessed at 1, 2 and 3 years of age. Prevalence of sensitization to foods was 2.2%, 3.8% and 4.5% respectively at these ages. Cumulatively, 5.3% 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.9-7.1 children were sensitized to a food. Using open food challenge and a good clinical history, the cumulative incidence of FHS was 6.0% (58/969, 95% CI: 4.6-7.7). Based on double-blinded, placebo-controlled, food challenge (DBPCFC) and a good clinical history, the cumulative incidence was 5.0% (48/969, 95% CI: 3.7-6.5). There is no evidence to suggest that the incidence of FHS has increased, comparing these results with previous studies. Overall, 33.7% of parents reported a food-related problem and of these, 16.1% were diagnosed with FHS by open challenge and history and 12.9% by DBPCFC and history. Main foods implicated were milk, egg and peanut.
By the age of 3 years, 5-6% of children suffer from FHS based on food challenges and a good clinical history. There were large discrepancies between reported and diagnosed FHS. Comparing our data with a study performed in the USA more than 20 years ago, there were no significant differences in the cumulative incidence of FHS.
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