The maritime domain in the Republic of Croatia has a special legal status – it represents a common good, res extra commercium, so it is outside the ownership regime and is managed by the Republic of ...Croatia according to special regulations. Such a definition of maritime domain, which includes the sea coast, has great consequences for its overall use, protection and economic activities, which must be performed on the maritime domain under special regulations based on a concession or concession approval. Although the demarcation of the maritime domain in the field is extremely important, in practice it is extremely slow and is done only upon request – which leads to serous legal uncertainty. For more than 30 years since its independence, the Republic of Croatia has not had a precisely defined border to its maritime domain. Therefore, the existing model for determining the boundary of the maritime domain on the ground needs to be modernised and a goal must be set – determining the boundary of the maritime domain on the entire Croatian coast, which would not only legally harmonise the situation, but also increase legal certainty. The existing literature on the maritime domain speaks of the legal nature of the maritime domain, border demarcation, economic use, and other aspects, but not enough is written about the organisational and procedural preconditions for extensive work to be done on delimiting the maritime domain in the Croatian Adriatic.
Abstract
Background
IoT and smart devices have become extremely popular in the last few years. With their capabilities to collect data, it is reasonable to have concerns about the protection of ...users’ personal information and privacy in general.
Objectives
Comparing existing regulations on data protection and information security rules with the new capabilities provided by IoT and smart devices.
Methods/approach
This paper will analyse information on data collected by IoT and smart devices and the corresponding legal framework to explore whether the legal framework also covers these new devices and their functionalities.
Results
Various IoT and smart devices pose a high risk to an individual's privacy. The General Data Protection Regulation, although a relatively recent law, may not adequately regulate all instances and uses of this technology. Also, due to inadequate technological protection, abuse of such devices by unauthorized persons is possible and even likely.
Conclusions
The number of IoT and smart devices is rapidly increasing. The number of IoT and smart home device security incidents is on the rise. The regulatory framework to ensure data controller and processor compliance needs to be improved in order to create a safer environment for new innovative IoT services and products without jeopardizing the rights and freedoms of data subjects. Also, it is important to increase awareness of homeowners about potential security threats when using IoT and smart devices and services.
With the enactment of the new Act on Maritime Domain and Sea Ports in the summer of 2023, the Republic of Croatia has, after many years, established a new contemporary legal framework for regulating ...maritime domain and thereby the maritime ports, the most economically significant part of the maritime domain. The new law aligns the concession model on the maritime domain and ports with European regulations and the general legislation governing concessions in the Republic of Croatia after several years of delay. Besides public traffic ports, the law comprehensively regulates specialpurpose ports, anchorages, and berthing areas. The concession granting procedures now adhere to the general law and have been adjusted to the specificities of concessions on maritime domain. This paper highlights the most significant changes introduced by the new legal framework.
Novi pravni okvir koncesija u rh Vojković, Goran
Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu,
02/2014, Letnik:
51, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
U Republici Hrvatskoj krajem 2012. godine stupio je na snagu novi Zakon o koncesijama, prilagođen Prijedlogu direktive Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o dodjeli ugovora o koncesijama iz 2011. godine. ...Novi Zakon predstavlja bitnu promjenu paradigme koncesija u odnosu na onu koja je bila uobičajena u Hrvatskoj, posebno u razdoblju prije donošenja Zakona o koncesijama iz 2008. godine. Zakon o koncesijama iz 2012. godine predstavlja opsežan i zaokružen postupovni propis, koji koncesiju regulira kao pravo koje se stječe ugovorom, a vrlo usko povezuje tri složena pravna okvira: koncesija, javne nabave i javno-privatnog partnerstva. Uvode se i stroga primjena načela iz Ugovora o funkcioniranju Europske unije, kao što su načelo tržišnog natjecanja, načelo jednakog tretmana, načelo zabrane diskriminacije, načelo uzajamnog priznavanja, načelo razmjernosti i načelo transparentnosti.
Existing classification of the Croatian seaports does not fit the level and meet the needs of the economic development of the Republic of Croatia, particularly after the Republic of Croatia joined ...the European Union. Equalizing public service offered by a port with the purpose of the port itself (general purpose – port open for public traffic, special purpose – port not open for public traffic) limits the economic development and aggravates the implementation of the basic market policies of the EU. Therefore, modernisation of the basic classification of ports in the Croatian legislation is suggested. Basic categorization of ports should be as follows: public service ports, private service ports and private ports for private needs of an entrepreneur.
Pomorsko dobro ima poseban pravni status u Republici Hrvatskoj. Predstavlja opće dobro, res extra commercium, dakle izvan je vlasničkog režima i njime po posebnim propisima upravlja Republika ...Hrvatska. Takva definicija pomorskog dobra, u koje ulazi i morska obala, ima velike posljedice na sveukupno njegovo korištenje, zaštitu i gospodarske aktivnosti koje se na pomorskom dobru moraju obavljati po posebnim propisima na temelju koncesije, odnosno koncesijskog odobrenja. Iako je, slijedom navedenog, utvrđivanje granice pomorskog dobra na terenu iznimno važno, u praksi ono ide iznimno sporo i samo na zahtjev – što dovodi do ozbiljne pravne nesigurnosti. Nakon trideset godina od svoje neovisnosti, Republika Hrvatska još uvijek nema precizno određenu granicu svog pomorskog dobra. Stoga je postojeći model određivanja granice pomorskog dobra na terenu potrebno osuvremeniti i postaviti cilj – određivanje granice pomorskog dobra na cjelokupnoj hrvatskoj obali, čime bi se pravno uskladilo stanje i povećala pravna sigurnost. Postojeća literatura o pomorskom dobru govori o pravnoj prirodi pomorskog dobra, određivanju granice, gospodarskom korištenju i drugom. Ovaj je rad, prije svega, posvećen problematici oko utvrđivanja granice pomorskog dobra na hrvatskom Jadranu jer je nedovoljno pisano o organizacijskim i procesnim preduvjetima koje je potrebno ispuniti kako bi se taj opsežan posao napokon mogao odraditi.
Administrative supervision is one way of holding controlover administration and legal persons who have certain publicauthorities when performing their function, one of such beingthe Port Authority. ...Perfonning public authorities - concerningthe fact that it is a fonn of public power - must be under legalsupervision of the state and its bodies. The Act on MaritimeDomain and Sea Ports as well as the Act on Inland Ports, eachin its particular area, foresee the possibility of performing administrationsupervision over port authorities work. This is a legallyand functionally extremely interesting fonn of supervision;administration supervision is not brought up for the reason ofperfonning some internal police function that shows up once ina while only if there are some difficulties in work. Administrationsupervision must be continuous and provide assistance tobodies over which the supervision is held. This paper analyseslegal grounds and potential fonns of administration supervisionover the work of port authorities.
According to the 1998 Act on Inland Ports, the right to performall port activities within inland ports of the Republic ofCroatia is given on the basis of concession, obtained throughbidding. It has ...been noticed in practice that modem businessprocesses and traffic flows are more dynamic than before whenclassic concession relations were created. Also, types andamounts of cargo are changing every couple of years, which isfollowed by quick adjustments, instead of working according torigid and long-term defined decisions and concession contracts.Furthermore, the practice has shown for some activitiesthat the number of port providers (such as ship suppliers,port-agency and freight forwarders) should not be limited. Thismeans that the system of a limited number of port providers isimportant only for the activities that require location within aport, as the port area is physically limited. Therefore, the newAct on Navigation and Inland Ports from 2007, whose framehas been completed by sub-law acts during 2008, has replacedthe complex concession system for performing activities in inlandports by a more liberal approval system. On the basis ofthese, higher dynamics of work of port providers is enabled aswell as easier adjustment to market conditions. Furthermore,the main limitation factor that determines the number of portusers becomes the available physical space within a port, whichprovides undisturbed competition, along with larger offer ofport services that do not require that space. It is also importantto point out that the new Act specifically includes distributionand cargo logistics, also processing and improvement of goodsas well as industrial activities including production that enablecomplete economic utilization of port capacities into the existingport activities, thus significantly changing the role of the portitself as a logistic centre.
The adoption of the new Concessions Act in 2017 provoked significant reactions within the Croatian public. Reactions were basically related not to the procedural, but to the sectoral regulation: ...Maritime Domain and the Seaports Act. Namely, according to the media, practice has shown that concession holders have often violated their powers by restricting the general use of the maritime domain. Since it is difficult for an average and even legally instructed person to determine the scope of rights a concessionaire or a concessionary approval holder is awarded on the maritime domain, we would propose that notice boards be introduced that would provide a 2D-bar code for more detailed information concerning the concessionaire or the concessionary approval holder. With a minimal cost, this would significantly increase the transparency of activities carried out on the maritime domain.
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