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•Uniform field is generated by radiant heating 30 times faster than by convective one.•Uniform field is formed by radiant heating 200 times faster than by conductive one.•Radiant ...heating has the greatest impact due to radiation absorption in the droplet.•PLIF confirms importance of droplet temperature field unsteadiness and non-uniformity.•Droplet heating time to boiling temperature may take up to 60–75% of droplet lifetime.
In this paper, we present the rates and typical durations of high-temperature heating and evaporation of water droplets determined for the dominating conductive, convective or radiative energy supply. We developed three setups for heating a water droplet: on a substrate (conduction), in a muffle furnace (radiation), and in a heated airflow (convection). The heating temperature is up to 1000 °C to correspond high-temperature technologies, namely thermal cleaning of fluids, polydisperse fire extinguishing with low water consumption, etc. With the help using of a high-speed video recording system, we determine the water droplet lifetimes (the times of their complete evaporation). Using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence, we establish the quantitative differences between the water droplet heating rates (heating time to lifetime ratios) on the three setups. Maximum temperatures are determined that the water droplets reach when exposed to different heating mechanisms. Furthermore, we obtain the criterial dependences to connect the main attributes of temperature field generation of an evaporating water droplet with the heating conditions. Finally, we identify possible implications of the research findings and ways to further improve the newly developed experimental approach.
Large optical anisotropy observed in a broad spectral range is of paramount importance for efficient light manipulation in countless devices. Although a giant anisotropy has been recently observed in ...the mid-infrared wavelength range, for visible and near-infrared spectral intervals, the problem remains acute with the highest reported birefringence values of 0.8 in BaTiS
and h-BN crystals. This issue inspired an intensive search for giant optical anisotropy among natural and artificial materials. Here, we demonstrate that layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) provide an answer to this quest owing to their fundamental differences between intralayer strong covalent bonding and weak interlayer van der Waals interaction. To do this, we made correlative far- and near-field characterizations validated by first-principle calculations that reveal a huge birefringence of 1.5 in the infrared and 3 in the visible light for MoS
. Our findings demonstrate that this remarkable anisotropy allows for tackling the diffraction limit enabling an avenue for on-chip next-generation photonics.
The research presents the numerical modeling findings of the secondary breakup of droplets of coal water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP). The modeling method of the secondary droplet ...breakup is based on the VOF method for interface resolution, LES model for describing turbulence, and the technology of adapted dynamic grids. We have established the droplet breakup modes depending on the Weber number varying from 7 to 212. We have also examined the structure of the flow behind droplets. We have tested the numerical method, and the results are in good agreement with the existing experiments.
E7820 and indisulam are two examples of aryl sulfonamides that recruit RBM39 to Rbx-Cul4-DDA1-DDB1-DCAF15 E3 ligase complex, leading to its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. To ...understand their mechanism of action, we performed kinetic analysis on the recruitment of RBM39 to DCAF15 and solved a crystal structure of DDA1-DDB1-DCAF15 in complex with E7820 and the RRM2 domain of RBM39. E7820 packs in a shallow pocket on the surface of DCAF15 and the resulting modified interface binds RBM39 through the α1 helix of the RRM2 domain. Our kinetic studies revealed that aryl sulfonamide and RBM39 bind to DCAF15 in a synergistic manner. The structural and kinetic studies confirm aryl sulfonamides as molecular glues in the recruitment of RBM39 and provide a framework for future efforts to utilize DCAF15 to degrade other proteins of interest.
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•DCAF15-sulfonamide binds to RBM39 through a single α helix of RBM39•The structure reveals how a sulfonamide molecular glue recruits RBM39 to DCAF15•Both RBM39 and E7820 have weak affinity to DCAF15 individually•Synergistic binding to DCAF15 leads to the formation of stable ternary complex
Du et al. describe in structural and kinetic detail how a sulfonamide glue, E7820, recruits RBM39 to DCAF15, a CUL4-related E3 ubiquitin ligase. RBM39 and E7820 each has weak affinity to DCAF15; however, synergistic binding of the two to DCAF15 leads to the formation of a stable ternary complex.
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that grow and shrink through addition or loss of tubulin subunits at their ends. Microtubule ends generate mechanical force that moves chromosomes and cellular ...organelles, and provides mechanical tension. Recent literature describes a number of proteins and protein complexes that couple dynamics of microtubule ends to movements of their cellular cargoes. These 'couplers' are quite diverse in their microtubule-binding domains (MTBDs), while sharing similarity in function, but a systematic understanding of the principles underlying their activity is missing. Here, I review various types of microtubule couplers, focusing on their essential activities: ability to follow microtubule ends and capture microtubule-generated force. Most of the couplers require presence of unstructured positively charged sequences and multivalency in their microtubule-binding sites to efficiently convert the microtubule-generated force into useful connection to a cargo. An overview of the microtubule features supporting end-tracking and force-coupling, and the experimental methods to assess force-coupling properties is also provided.
This paper examines the evaporation features of water droplets moving through high-temperature combustion products of typical flammable liquids (on an example of gasoline, kerosene, ethanol, and ...acetone). Using Shadow Photography and Interferometric Particle Imaging methods contributed to perform the given experimental research. Such approach enabled to establish the integral characteristics of droplet motion (sizes and velocities) and evaporation process (evaporation rate). The initial droplet sizes (radii) and the temperatures of combustion products varied in a wide range: 0.05–4 mm and 400–1900 K, respectively. The choice of these ranges allowed us to summarize the research results, which can be applied in a group of promising high-temperature (usually more than 1000 K) gas-vapor-droplet technologies (thermal or flame methods of liquid waste treatment; heat carriers based on flue gases, steam, and water droplets; polydisperse firefighting). Conditions of almost the complete and insignificant (with minimum change of liquid mass) droplet evaporation were determined. In addition, the integral characteristics of water droplet evaporation under non-stationary heat transfer (at a temperature of combustion products from 1900 K to 400 K) were compared with the same characteristics under nearly stationary heat transfer (at a temperature of 1100 ± 30 K). During short-time heating (less than 0.5 s), values of these parameters correlated well (deviations did not exceed 8–12%).
•The integral characteristics of water droplet motion and evaporation were determined.•Correlation for non-stationary and nearly stationary heat transfer was established.•Ranges of Weber and Reynolds numbers for intensive evaporation were found.•Obtained results allows to predict the conditions of complete droplet evaporation.
Experimental investigation of influence of mixtures and foreign inclusions in water droplets on integral characteristics of their evaporation during the motion through high-temperature (more than ...1000 K) gas area has been held. Investigations have been conducted with the usage of two-phase and heterogeneous mixtures diagnostics optical methods “Particle Image Velocimetry” and “Interferometric Particle Imaging”. It has been established that salt admixtures injection with sufficiently large relative concentration (γ = 0.1) influences moderately on droplet evaporation characteristics (evaporation velocities are decreased by 5–7%) when water droplet sizes are less than 0.5 mm. Salt admixtures influence is intensified (evaporation mass velocities of water droplets with admixtures and without of them differ by 11–18% at droplet sizes 1–3 mm) with droplet size increase. It has been indicated that foreign solid particle injection in droplets leads to considerable (by several times) intensification of droplet heat-up and evaporation processes. The thermophysical characteristics of these foreign solid particles significantly differ from water. Conditions of significant deformation and breakage of water droplets with solid inclusions have been indicated at intensive evaporation.
•Heat transfer mechanisms in inhomogeneous droplets and phase transitions have established.•Solid particles in the water droplets considerably intensify evaporation of liquid.•Salt admixtures injection influences moderately on droplet evaporation characteristics.•The conditions when solid inclusions lead to droplet deformation were established.
We have developed a deep generative model, generative tensorial reinforcement learning (GENTRL), for de novo small-molecule design. GENTRL optimizes synthetic feasibility, novelty, and biological ...activity. We used GENTRL to discover potent inhibitors of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a kinase target implicated in fibrosis and other diseases, in 21 days. Four compounds were active in biochemical assays, and two were validated in cell-based assays. One lead candidate was tested and demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics in mice.
We consider a simple model of a quasi-one-dimensional conductor in which two order parameters (OP) may coexist, i.e., the superconducting OP delta and the OPW that characterize the amplitude of a ...charge-density wave (CDW). The considered model can be applied to high-Tsubc superconductors where the parts of the Fermi surface near the "hot" spots may be regarded as the considered two Fermi sheets. We also discuss relation of the considered model to the simplest model for Fe-based pnictides.
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