The controller with finite time sliding mode surface is proposed, which is to make the hetero-structured fractional order hyperchaotic system fully synchronized. At the same time, RNN estimates the ...uncertain external interference. By designing an adaptive compensator, the influence of uncertainty is eliminated, and the controlled system achieves asymptotic stability. According to Lyapunov stability analysis, the adaptive law is obtained, and the subsequent parameters of RNN are optimized. PSO algorithm optimizes the control parameters.
Background The objectives of the survey were to identify the level of influenza vaccination coverage in China in three influenza seasons 2009/10 to 2011/12, and to find out potential predictors for ...seasonal influenza vaccination. Methods In September and October 2011, representative urban household telephone surveys were conducted in five provinces in China with a response rate of 6%. Four target groups were defined for analysis: 1) children less than or equal to 5 years old; 2) elderly persons aged greater than or equal to 60 years old; 3) health care workers (persons working in the medical field) and 4) chronically ill persons. Results The overall mean vaccination rate was 9.0%. Among the four target groups, the rate of vaccination of children aged less than or equal to 5 years old (mean = 26%) was highest and the rate of elderly people aged greater than or equal to 60 years old (mean = 7.4%) was the lowest, while the rates of persons who suffer from a chronic illness (mean = 9.4%) and health care workers (9.5%) were similar. A subsidy for influenza vaccination, age group, health care workers, suffering from a chronic illness and living in Eastern China were independent significant predictors for influenza vaccination. Conclusions The seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates among urban populations in selected cities and provinces in China were far below previously reported rates in developed countries. Influenza vaccination coverage rates differed widely between different target groups and provinces in China. Subsidy policy might have a positive effect on influenza vaccination rate, but further cost-effectiveness studies, as well as the vaccination rate associated factors studies are still needed to inform strategies to increase coverage.
Ten novel 5-substituted derivatives of 3-（1-hydroxyethylidene）pyrrolidine-2,4-dione were synthesized. The compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The bioassay indicated ...that these compounds showed noticeable herbicidal activities, and compounds 6f and 6j exhibited excellent inhibitory activities against the stalk of Echinochloa crusgalli, with ECso values of 94.4 and 72.7 rag/L, respectively.
As the web grows, the massive increase in information is placing severe burdens on information retrieval and sharing. Automated search engines and directories with small editorial staff are unable to ...keep up with the increasing submission of web sites. To address the problem, this paper presents Infomarker — an Internet information service system based onOpen Directory andZero-Keyword Inquiry. TheOpen Directory sets up a net-community in which the increasing netcitizens can each organize a small portion of the web and present it to the others. By means ofZero-Keyword Inquiry, user can get the information he is interested in without inputting any keyword that is often required by search engines. In Infomarker, user can record the web address he likes and can put forward an information request based on his web records. The information matching engine checks the information in theOpen Directory to find what fits user’s needs and adds it to user’s web address records. The key to the matching process islayered keyword mapping. Informarker provides people with a whole new approach to getting information and shows a wide prospect.
Background Influenza-related hospitalizations impose a considerable economic and social burden. This study aimed to better understand the economic burden of influenza-related hospitalizations among ...patients in China in different age and risk categories. Methods Laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations between December 2009 and June 2011 from three hospitals participating in the Chinese Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) sentinel surveillance system were included in this study. Hospital billing data were collected from each hospital's Hospital Information System (HIS) and divided into five cost categories. Demographic and clinical information was collected from medical records. Mean (range) and median (interquartile range IQR) costs were calculated and compared among children ( less than or equal to 15 years), adults (16-64 years) and elderly ( greater than or equal to 65 years) groups. Factors influencing cost were analyzed. Results A total of 106 laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations were identified, 60% of which were children. The mean (range) direct medical cost was $1,797 ($80-$27,545) for all hospitalizations, and the median (IQR) direct medical cost was $231 ($164), $854 ($890), and $2,263 ($7,803) for children, adults, and elderly, respectively. Therapeutics and diagnostics were the two largest components of direct medical cost, comprising 57% and 23%, respectively. Cost of physician services was the lowest at less than 1%. Conclusion Direct medical cost of influenza-related hospitalizations imposes a heavy burden on patients and their families in China. Further study is needed to provide more comprehensive evidence on the economic burden of influenza. Our study highlights the need to increase vaccination rate and develop targeted national preventive strategies.
Soft matter has attracted extensive attention due to its special physical/chemical properties and holds great promise in many applications. However, obtaining a detailed understanding of both complex ...fluid and mass transport in soft matter, especially in hierarchical porous media of biological tissues, still remains a huge challenge. Herein, inspired by fast tracer transport in loose connective tissues of living systems, we observed an interesting phenomenon of fast molecular transport in situ in an artificial hierarchical multiphase porous medium （a micrometer scale hydrophobic fiber network filled with nanometer scale hydrophilic porous medium）, which was simply fabricated through electro- spinning technology and polymerization. The transportation speed of molecules in the micrometer fiber network is larger than simple diffusion in nanometer media, which is better described by Fick＇s law. We further proved that the phenomenon is based on the nanoconfined air/water/solid interface around the micrometer hydrophobic fibers. We focus on the key factors, referring to SA, （the confined multiphase area around the microfibers） and Nc （the connectivity node degree of the skeletal portion in the nanometer hydrogel medium）. Next, a quantitative parameter, VTCM （transport chance mean-value）, was introduced to describe the molecular transport capability of the fiber network within hierarchical multiphase porous systems. These fundamental advances can be applied de novo to understand the process of so-called simple diffusion in biological systems, and even to re-describe many molecular events in biologically nanoconfined spaces.
Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiation is now considered the standard care for locally advanced rectal carcinoma （T3-4 or/and N1-2 lesions）, but the accuracy of staging examinations including ...endorectal ultrasonography （ERUS） and MRI is far from excellent. In addition, the above staging equipment or professionals who perform the examinations may not be available in some hospitals, while preoperative colonoscopy and biopsy are usually obtainable in most hospitals.The objective of the present study was to investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of locally advanced rectal carcinoma and identify candidates for neoadjuvant chemoradiation.Methods This was a retrospective study. Patients who were treated for rectal cancer at Changhai Hospital from January 1999 to July 2008 were identified from our prospectively collected database. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Software System （version 15.0）. The Mann-Whitney test, chi-square test and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed,Results A total of 1005 cases were included in this research, of which 761 cases were identified as locally advanced rectal carcinoma depending on postoperative TNM staging. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated seven independent risk factors that could be used to predict a locally advanced rectal carcinoma independently： a high grade （including poor differentiation and undifferentiation） （OR： 3.856; 95% CI： 2.064 to 7.204;P=0.000）; large tumor size （OR： 2.455; 95% CI： 1.755 to 3.436; P=0.000）; elevated preoperative serum CEA level （OR：1.823; 95% CI： 1.309 to 2.537; P=0.000）; non-polypoid tumor type （OR： 1.758; 95% CI： 1.273 to 2.427; P=0.001）; the absence of synchronous polyps （OR： 1.602; 95% CI： 1.103 to 2.327; P=0.013）; the absence of blood in stool （OR： 1.659;95% CI： 1.049 to 2.624; P=0.030）; and a greater circumferential tumor extent （OR： 1.813; 95% CI： 1.055 to 3,113;P=0.031）. Based on these findings, a Logistic equation was established, the accuracy of which was 64% according to the information of the additional 50 cases.Conclusions Some independent risk factors related with locally advanced rectal carcinoma were identified, based on which it is possible to establish a Logistic equation as a tool to predict candidates of neoadjuvant chemoradiation.Further research about optimization of the equation is warranted.
As the Web grows, the massive increase in information is placing severe burdens on information retrieval. Automated search engines and information directories with small editorial staffs are unable ...to keep up with the increasing submissions of Web sites. To address the problem, this article introduces Open Bookmark service based on information agent. In Open Bookmark service, one can record favorite URLs and easily manage them. All the records are stored in a directory-tree, with different types of records in different directories. To perform information filtering, information agents are established to extract the user's profile from his bookmark records, which represent his interests. This makes it possible for personal and active information service. The agents are trained through interaction with the user so as to represent his interests more exactly. Open Bookmark service is also an open framework, in which information agents communicate with each other and exchange valued information. Thus, the quality of information service can be greatly improved.
Background In recent years, superficial and deep mycoses caused by trichosporon were occasionally reported. In 2001, we reported the first case of disseminated trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon ...asahfi （T. asahii） in China. In this study, the pathogenicity of T. asahii was investigated in a murine model of disseminated trichosporonosis. Methods Seventy-five mice were randomly divided into 7 groups. Each group was inoculated with T. asahii, through intradermal, gastrointestinal tract or intravenous injection. The mice in the experimental groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide （CY） to induce granulocytopenia. Mice in the therapeutic group were given both liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole. The main viscera of the mice were examined by means of tissue culture and pathologic sections. Results In the two intravenous inoculation groups, T. asahfi was isolated from at least one organ in 10 of the 12 granulocytopenic mice and 2 of the 14 immunocompetent mice. Two of the 7 mice in the granulocytopenia group presented with lesions in the inoculation position, but none of the 30 mice in the granulocytopenia and the control group which were inoculated intradermally or through the gastrointestinal tract had viscera infection. In the therapeutic group, the ratio of consequently dead mice, the number of involved viscera, and the incidence of systemic infection were significantly less than the untreated group. Acute purulent inflammation and granulomatous inflammation were the main pathological changes in the course of the infection. Arthrospores and filaments were found in the focus. Conclusions T. asahii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes cutaneous and visceral infections in immunologically impaired hosts. An immunocompetent host was to be infected by the invading T. asahii. Several organs, namely the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and heart, were predisposed. The therapy of combining liposomal amphotericin B with fluconazole can prevent the host from an infection and inhibit the diffusion of the infection.
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