Floral bud dormancy release of fruit tree species is greatly influenced by climate change. The lack of chilling accumulation often results in the occurrence of abnormal flower and low yields of sweet ...cherries (
L.) in warm regions. To investigate the regulation of dormancy in sweet cherries, six
genes with homology to peach
, designated
, have been identified and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicate that these genes are similar to
in peach, apple and pear. The expression patterns of the
in the low-chill cultivar 'Royal Lee' were different from that in the high-chill cultivar 'Hongdeng'. 'Royal Lee' exhibits lower transcriptional level of
compared to 'Hongdeng', especially at the stage of chilling accumulation, and transcriptional levels of
were high in both cultivars during the endodormancy. Ectopic expression of
and
in
resulted in plants with abnormal flower and seed development, especially the
. Higher transcriptional levels of
were observed in transgenic
lines, and ectopic expression of
had the similar floral phenotype. Further, protein interaction analysis demonstrated that PavDAM1/5 could interact with PavSOC1 in vivo and in vitro, which will help clarify the molecular mechanism of the flower development in sweet cherry or other fruit trees.
Aiming at unknown or variant ransomware attack encrypted with SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)/ TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol, a detection framework named TGAN-IDS (Transferred Generating ...Adversarial Network-Intrusion Detection System) based on dual generative adversarial networks is presented in this paper. In this framework, DCGAN (Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network) is adopted to train a generator which has good performance to generate adversarial sample, and is transferred to the generator of TGAN. A pre-training model named PreD is built based on CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), which has good performance to do binary classification, and is transferred to the discriminator of TGAN. The generator and discriminator of TGAN play games in training process until the discriminator has a strong ability to detection unknown attack, and then it is output as an anomaly detector. In order to suppress the deterioration of normal sample detection ability during adversarial training of TGAN, a reconstruction loss function is introduced into the target function of TGAN. Experiments on a mixed dataset which is constructed by CICIDS2017 and other ransomware datasets show comparing with other deep learning network, such as AlexNet, ResNet and DenseNet etc., TGAN-IDS performs well in the indicators of detection accuracy, recall or F1-score etc. Also experiments on KDD99, SWaT and WADI datasets show that TGAN-IDS is suitable for other unencrypted unknown network attack detection.
Detecting Android malware in its spread or download stage is a challenging work, which can realize early detection of malware before it reaches user side. In this paper, we propose a two-stage ...detection framework based on feature enhancement and cascade deep forest. This method can detect the traffic generated in the encrypted transmission process of Android malware. The first stage realizes the binary classification of benign and malicious software. The second stage realizes the multi-classification of different categories of malware. To enhance data representation, convolutional neural networks is used to extract benign and malicious features in the first stage, and the principal component analysis method is used to extract the malicious features in the second stage. Theses extracted features are spliced with the payload part of the traffic to form fusion features for classification task. In order to adapt to different scale of samples, especially for the small-scale sample, cascaded deep forest method is proposed to construct the classification model. In this model, many layers that consist of base classifiers are cascaded and the number of layers can be automatically adjusted according to the scale of the samples. With different combinations of base classifiers in each layer, the optima detection accuracy is archived in the two stages. The experimental results on several datasets prove that the proposed method is effective for encrypted transmission detection of Android malware. It is also suitable for the detection of unknown attacks.
This study investigated the effects of root-restriction cultivation on the root architecture, endogenous strigolactone (SL) content, and SL-related genes expression in grapevine (
L.). In addition, ...we clarified the effects of synthetic SL analog GR24 application on grapevine roots to explore the role of SLs in their development. The results showed that the root architecture changed significantly under root-restriction cultivation. At 40 days after transplantation (DAT), the contents of two types of SLs in roots under root restriction were both significantly lower than that in roots of the control. SL content was significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of
and
, indicating that they play vital roles in SLs synthesis. After GR24 treatment for 20 days, the root length was significantly shorter than in the control. A low concentration (0.1 μM) of GR24 significantly reduced the root diameter and increased the fine-root density, while a high concentration (10 μM) of GR24 significantly reduced the lateral root (LR) length and increased the LR density. Concomitantly, GR24 (0.1 μM) reduced endogenous SL content. After GR24 treatment for 5 days, the total content of two tested SLs was highly positively correlated with the expression levels of
, whereas it was highly negatively correlated with
at 20 days after GR24 treatment. This study helps to clarify the internal mechanism of root-restriction cultivation affecting the changes in grapevine root architecture, as well as further explore the important role of SLs in the growth of grapevine roots in response to root-restriction treatment.
MYB Transcription factors (TFs) are most imperative and largest gene family in plants, which participate in development, metabolism, defense, differentiation and stress response. The MYB TFs has been ...studied in various plant species. However, comprehensive studies of MYB gene family in the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) are still unknown.
In the current study, a total of 69 MYB genes were investigated from sweet cherry genome and classified into 28 subfamilies (C1-C28 based on phylogenetic and structural analysis). Microcollinearity analysis revealed that dispersed duplication (DSD) events might play an important role in the MYB genes family expansion. Chromosomal localization, the synonymous (Ks) and nonsynonymous (Ka) analysis, molecular characteristics (pI, weight and length of amino acids) and subcellular localization were accomplished using several bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the members of distinct subfamilies have diverse cis-acting regions, conserved motifs, and intron-exon architectures, indicating functional heterogeneity in the MYB family. Moreover, the transcriptomic data exposed that MYB genes might play vital role in bud dormancy. The quantitative real-time qRT-PCR was carried out and the expression pattern indicated that MYB genes significantly expressed in floral bud as compared to flower and fruit.
Our comprehensive findings provide supportive insights into the evolutions, expansion complexity and functionality of PavMYB genes. These PavMYB genes should be further investigated as they seem to be brilliant candidates for dormancy manipulation in sweet cherry.
Stem growth and development has considerable effects on plant architecture and yield performance. Strigolactones (SLs) modulate shoot branching and root architecture in plants. However, the molecular ...mechanisms underlying SLs regulate cherry rootstocks stem growth and development remain unclear. Our studies showed that the synthetic SL analog rac-GR24 and the biosynthetic inhibitor TIS108 affected stem length and diameter, aboveground weight, and chlorophyll content. The stem length of cherry rootstocks following TIS108 treatment reached a maximum value of 6.97 cm, which was much higher than that following rac-GR24 treatments at 30 days after treatment. Stem paraffin section showed that SLs affected cell size. A total of 1936, 743, and 1656 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in stems treated with 10 μM rac-GR24, 0.1 μM rac-GR24, and 10 μM TIS108, respectively. RNA-seq results highlighted several DEGs, including
,
,
,
, and
, which play vital roles in stem growth and development. UPLC-3Q-MS analysis revealed that SL analogs and inhibitors affected the levels of several hormones in the stems. The endogenous GA
content of stems increased significantly with 0.1 μM rac-GR24 or 10 μM TIS108 treatment, which is consistent with changes in the stem length following the same treatments. This study demonstrated that SLs affected stem growth of cherry rootstocks by changing other endogenous hormone levels. These results provide a solid theoretical basis for using SLs to modulate plant height and achieve sweet cherry dwarfing and high-density cultivation.
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase superfamily, belonging to heme-thiolate protein products, plays a vital role in metabolizing physiologically valuable compounds in plants. To date, CYP ...superfamily genes have not yet been characterized in grapevine (
L.), and their functions remain unclear. In this study, a sum of 236
, divided into 46 families and clustered into nine clans, have been identified based on bioinformatics analyses in grapevine genome. The characteristics of both exon-intron organizations and motif structures further supported the close evolutionary relationships of
superfamily as well as the reliability of phylogenetic analysis. The gene number-based hierarchical cluster of CYP subfamilies of different plants demonstrated that the loss of CYP families seems to be limited to single species or single taxa. Promoter analysis elucidated various
-regulatory elements related to phytohormone signaling, plant growth and development, as well as abiotic/biotic stress responses. The tandem duplication mainly contributed to the expansion of the
superfamily, followed by singleton duplication in grapevine. Global RNA-sequencing data of grapevine showed functional divergence of
as diverse expression patterns of
in various organs, tissues, and developmental phases, which were confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Taken together, our results provided valuable inventory for understanding the classification and biological functions of the
and paved the way for further functional verification of these
and are helpful to grapevine molecular breeding.
•Surface charge induced by secondary electron emission is analyzed.•Surface potential induced by electron radiation with various distributions is calculated.•Energy distribution has little impact on ...the equilibrium potential is demonstrated.
Spacecrafts face various environmental risks in their working durations, thereinto, surface charging, which may result in abnormal operation of devices, is a typical detrimental effect and deserves to be deeply investigated, especially the charging process under various electron energy distributions. In this work, aiming to reveal the evolution process of surface charging in detail, we establish an approach for predicting surface potential under electron irradiation by considering the electron emission process. Mathematical relationships for the dependence of surface charging on the secondary electron yield properties of dielectric surfaces are established. The dynamic process of surface potential evolution is calculated for MgO and Al2O3 when the energy variation of incident electrons obeys uniform distribution, Gaussian distribution, and Maxwell distribution. By analyzing the dynamic equilibrium process of electron incidence/exit in the positively/negatively charged cases, the effect of electron energy on equilibrium surface potential and equilibrium time are quantitatively calculated. It is found that the surface potential will be a dozen volts when the surface is positively charged, surface charging of this magnitude does not have a noticeable effect, and the equilibrium time is short (several microseconds). However, the surface potential may reach very high levels (thousands of volts) leading to breakdowns when the dielectric surface is negatively charged, and its equilibrium time is 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the positively charged case. Via calculating the surface potential under various incident distributions, we acquire the dynamic evolution process of surface potential evolution under different energy distributions, and find its consequence shows a similar tendency for the situation of constant energy irradiation. This work digs into the mechanism of surface charging under various irradiation situations, which makes sense for further works involving surface charging induced by electron irradiation with multiple energy distributions.
ABA plays a crucial role in controlling several ripening-associated processes in grape berries. The soluble proteins named as PYR (pyrabactin resistant)/PYL (PYR-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ...ABA receptor) family have been characterized as ABA receptors. Here, the function of a grape PYL1 encoding gene involved in the response to ABA was verified through heterologous expression. The expression level of
was highest in grape leaf and fruit tissues of the cultivar Kyoho, and the expression of
was increased during fruit development and showed a reduction in ripe berries. Over-expression of
enhances ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Using the transient overexpression technique, the
gene was over-expressed in grape berries. Up-regulation of the
gene not only promoted anthocyanin accumulation but also induced a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including
and
. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was not successfully applied in the "Kyoho" grape, the application of the transient overexpression technique in grape fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying grape fruit development.
The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) protein, belonging to a plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) family, participates in the control of plant growth and ...development by regulating cell proliferation. Until now, a comprehensive study of concerning the TCP gene family and their roles in grapevine (
L.) has not been completed. Using bioinformatics approaches, 17
genes were identified and further classified into two classes, designated class I (PCF subclass) and class II (CIN and CYC/TB1 subclass), which was further supported by exon-intron organizations and conserved motif analysis. Promoter analysis demonstrated that
have numerous
-acting elements related to plant growth and development, phytohormone, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The singleton duplication of grapevine
genes contributed to this gene family expansion. The syntenic analyses among
,
, and
showed that these genes located in corresponding syntenic blocks arose before the divergence of
,
, and
. The expression levels of 17
were determined in different tissues and fruit developmental stages, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Seventeen
exhibited distinct tissue-specific expression patterns, potentially illustrating the functional divergence of
in all tested tissues. Eleven
were down-regulated in five berry developmental stages, while three
were up-regulated. Additionally, many members were strongly modulated by ABA treatment, suggesting these
have important and diverse regulatory roles in ABA treatment. Our results provide valuable information on the evolution and functions of the
, pave the way for further functional verification of these
in grapevine.
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