Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy with cellular and immunological characteristics that remain unclear. Here, we perform transcriptomic analysis for 111,038 single ...cells from tumor tissues of six MBC and thirteen female breast cancer (FBC) patients. We find that that MBC has significantly lower infiltration of T cells relative to FBC. Metastasis-related programs are more active in cancer cells from MBC. The activated fatty acid metabolism involved with
FASN
is related to cancer cell metastasis and low immune infiltration of MBC. T cells in MBC show activation of p38 MAPK and lipid oxidation pathways, indicating a dysfunctional state. In contrast, T cells in FBC exhibit higher expression of cytotoxic markers and immune activation pathways mediated by immune-modulatory cytokines. Moreover, we identify the inhibitory interactions between cancer cells and T cells in MBC. Our study provides important information for understanding the tumor immunology and metabolism of MBC.
Introduction
Controlled-release fertilizers effectively improve crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, their use increases the cost of crop production. Optimal management modes ...involving urea replacement with controlled-release N fertilizers to increase rice yield through enhanced NUE are not widely explored.
Methods
Field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to determine the effects of different controlled-release N fertilizers combined with urea urea-N (180 kg ha
-1
, N
1
). We used controlled-release N (150 kg ha
-1
, N
2
) as the base, and four controlled-release N and urea-N ratio treatments (80%:0% (N
3
), 60%:20% (N
4
), 40%:40% (N
5
), or 20%:60% (N
6
) as the base with 20% urea-N as topdressing at the panicle initiation stage under 150 kg ha
-1
to study their impact on the grain yield and NUE of machine-transplanted rice.
Results and discussion
Grain yield and NUE were positively correlated with increases in photosynthetic production, flag leaf net photosynthetic rate (
P
n
), root activity, N transport, and grain-filling characteristics. The photosynthetic potential and population growth rate from the jointing to the full-heading stage, highly effective leaf area index (LAI) rate and
P
n
at the full-heading stage, root activity at 15 d after the full-heading stage, and N transport in the leaves from the full-heading to mature stage were significantly increased by the N
4
treatment, thereby increasing both grain yield and NUE. Furthermore, compared with the other N treatments, the N
4
treatment promoted the mean filling rate of inferior grains, which is closely related to increased filled grains per spikelet and filled grains rate. These effects ultimately improved the grain yield (5.03-25.75%), N agronomic efficiency (NAE, 3.96-17.58%), and N partial factor productivity (NPP, 3.98-27.13%) under the N
4
treatment. Thus, the N
4
treatment with controlled-release N (60%) and urea-N (20%) as a base and urea-N (20%) as topdressing at the panicle-initiation stage proved effective in improving the grain yield and NUE of machine-transplanted hybrid
indica
rice. These findings offer a theoretical and practical basis for enhancing rice grain yield, NUE, and saving the cost of fertilizer.
Assessing canopy nitrogen content (CNC) and canopy carbon content (CCC) of maize by hyperspectral remote sensing data permits estimating cropland productivity, protecting farmland ecology, and ...investigating the nitrogen and carbon cycles in the atmosphere. This study aimed to assess maize CNC and CCC using canopy hyperspectral information and uninformative variable elimination (UVE). Vegetation indices (VIs) and wavelet functions were adopted for estimating CNC and CCC under varying water and nitrogen regimes. Linear, nonlinear, and partial least squares (PLS) regression models were fitted to VIs and wavelet functions to estimate CNC and CCC, and were evaluated for their prediction accuracy. UVE was used to eliminate uninformative variables, improve the prediction accuracy of the models, and simplify the PLS regression models (UVE-PLS). For estimating CNC and CCC, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, based on red edge and NIR wavebands) yielded the highest correlation coefficients (r > 0.88). PLS regression models showed the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) among all models. However, PLS regression models required nine VIs and four wavelet functions, increasing their complexity. UVE was used to retain valid spectral parameters and optimize the PLS regression models. UVE-PLS regression models improved validation accuracy and resulted in more accurate CNC and CCC than the PLS regression models. Thus, canopy spectral reflectance integrated with UVE-PLS can accurately reflect maize leaf nitrogen and carbon status.
Chalkiness, which is highly affected by nitrogen (N) management during grain filling, is critical in determining rice appearance quality and consumer acceptability. We investigated the effects of N ...application rates 75 (N
1
), 150 (N
2
), and 225 (N
3
) kg ha
−1
on the source-sink carbohydrate accumulation and grain filling characteristics of two
indica
hybrid rice cultivars with different chalkiness levels in 2019 and 2020. We further explored the relationship between grain filling and formation of chalkiness in superior and inferior grains. In this study, carbohydrates in the functional leaves and grains of the two varieties, and grain filling parameters, could explain 66.2%, 68.0%, 88.7%, and 91.6% of the total variation of total chalky grain rate and whole chalkiness degree, respectively. They were primarily concentrated in the inferior grains. As the N fertilizer application rate increased, the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree of both the superior and inferior grains decreased significantly. This interfered with the increase in total chalky grain rate and chalkiness. Moreover, the carbohydrate content in the functional leaves increased significantly in N
2
and N
3
compared with that in N
1
. The transfer of soluble sugar from the leaves to the grains decreased the soluble sugar and increased total starch contents, accelerated the development of grain length and width, increased grain water content, and effectively alleviated the contradiction between source and sink. These changes promoted the carbohydrate partition in superior and inferior grains, improved their average filling rate in the middle and later stages, optimized the uniformity of inferior grain fillings, and finally led to the overall reduction in rice chalkiness.
The control of ion transport by responding to stimulus is a necessary condition for the existence of life. Bioinspired iontronics could enable anomalous ion dynamics in the nanoconfined spaces, ...creating many efficient energy systems and neuromorphic in-sensor computing networks. Unlike traditional electronics based on von Neumann computing architecture, the Boolean logic computing based on the iontronics could avoid complex wiring with higher energy efficiency and programmable neuromorphic logic. Here, a systematic summary on the state of art in bioinspired iontronics is presented and the stimulus from chemical potentials, electric fields, light, heat, piezo and magnetic fields on ion dynamics are reviewed. Challenges and perspectives are also addressed in the aspects of iontronic integrated systems. It is believed that comprehensive investigations in bioinspired ionic control will accelerate the development on more efficient energy and information flow for the futuristic human-machine interface.
Surgery serves as a salvage procedure for non-curative resection of early-stage colorectal cancer under endoscopy. A standard method for performing additional surgery after endoscopic submucosal ...dissection (ESD) for early colorectal cancer has yet to be established.IntroductionSurgery serves as a salvage procedure for non-curative resection of early-stage colorectal cancer under endoscopy. A standard method for performing additional surgery after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early colorectal cancer has yet to be established.To enhance the understanding of different surgical outcomes by discussing additional treatment strategies following non-complete curative endoscopic resection of early colorectal cancer.AimTo enhance the understanding of different surgical outcomes by discussing additional treatment strategies following non-complete curative endoscopic resection of early colorectal cancer.This retrospective study included 88 patients who were divided into three groups based on the surgical approach: conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS), single-incision plus one-port laparoscopic surgery (SILS+1), and three-port laparoscopic surgery combined with natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (three-port NOSES). The study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes, safety, and postoperative recovery among these groups.Material and methodsThis retrospective study included 88 patients who were divided into three groups based on the surgical approach: conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS), single-incision plus one-port laparoscopic surgery (SILS+1), and three-port laparoscopic surgery combined with natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (three-port NOSES). The study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes, safety, and postoperative recovery among these groups.The SILS+1 and three-port NOSES groups demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy to the CLS group in terms of blood loss, complications, number of lymph node dissections, and length of bowel resection. However, the SILS+1 and three-port NOSES groups had advantages in terms of incision length (7.11 ±0.38, 4.24 ±0.33, 3.16 ±0.22, p < 0.001), postoperative pain (4.000 3.0,5.0, 3.500 3.0,4.0, 3.000 3.0,4.0; p = 0.003), cosmetic result (4.000 3.8,5.0, 7.000 7.0,8.0, 7.000 7.0,8.0; p < 0.001), and hospital stay (8.000 7.0,9.0, 7.000 6.3,8.0., 7.000 6.3,8.0; p = 0.035).ResultsThe SILS+1 and three-port NOSES groups demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy to the CLS group in terms of blood loss, complications, number of lymph node dissections, and length of bowel resection. However, the SILS+1 and three-port NOSES groups had advantages in terms of incision length (7.11 ±0.38, 4.24 ±0.33, 3.16 ±0.22, p < 0.001), postoperative pain (4.000 3.0,5.0, 3.500 3.0,4.0, 3.000 3.0,4.0; p = 0.003), cosmetic result (4.000 3.8,5.0, 7.000 7.0,8.0, 7.000 7.0,8.0; p < 0.001), and hospital stay (8.000 7.0,9.0, 7.000 6.3,8.0., 7.000 6.3,8.0; p = 0.035).Different strategies of reduced-port laparoscopic surgery have been demonstrated to be effective and safe in additional surgery after non-curative ESD. These techniques have shown reduced pain and increased satisfaction among patients. Reduced-port laparoscopic surgery is expected to become the preferred treatment option for these patients.ConclusionsDifferent strategies of reduced-port laparoscopic surgery have been demonstrated to be effective and safe in additional surgery after non-curative ESD. These techniques have shown reduced pain and increased satisfaction among patients. Reduced-port laparoscopic surgery is expected to become the preferred treatment option for these patients.
Electronic skin (e-skin) uses advanced electronics and sensor arrays to manufacture human-skin-like robotics skin. The creation of e-skin has been made possible due to various physics ...effects/mechanisms, innovative materials, structural designs, and advanced fabrication techniques. In this Perspective, we describe the current advances in and emerging uses of e-skin for closed-loop systems, with a view toward applications in smart robotics, Internet of Things, and human–machine interfaces.
Contact electrification exists everywhere and between every phase of matter. However, its mechanism still remains to be studied. The recent triboelectric nanogenerator serves as a probe and provides ...some new clues about the mechanism present in solid–solid, solid–liquid, and liquid–liquid contact electrification. The gas–solid model still remains to be exploited. Here, we investigated the contact electrification between gases and solids based on the single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator. Our work shows that the amount of transferred charges between gas and solid particles increases with surface area, movement distance, and initial charges of particle increase. Furthermore, we find that the initial charges on the particle surface can attract more polar molecules and enhance gas collisions. Since ions in gas–solid contact are rare, we speculate that gas–solid contact electrification is mainly based on electron transfer. Further, we propose a theoretical model of gas–solid contact electrification involving the gas collision model and initial charges of the particle. Our study may have great significance to the gas–solid interface chemistry.
Because of the coupling between semiconducting and piezoelectric properties in wurtzite materials, strain-induced piezo-charges can tune the charge transport across the interface or junction, which ...is referred to as the piezotronic effect. For devices whose dimension is much smaller than the mean free path of carriers （such as a single atomic layer of MoS2）, ballistic transport occurs. In this study, transport in the monolayer MoS2 piezotronic transistor is studied by presenting analytical solutions for two-dimensional （2D） MoS2. Furthermore, a numerical simulation for guiding future 2D piezotronic nanodevice design is presented.
Semiconductor superlattice micro-/nanowires could greatly increase the versatility and power of modulating electronic (or excitonic, photonic) transport, optical properties. In this communication, we ...report growth of a semiconductor CdS/CdS:SnS2 superlattice microwire through a coevaporation technique with microenvironmental control. Such a novel superlattice microwire can modulate the exciton and photons to show multipeak emissions with periods in a wide spectral range, which arise in the 1-d photon crystal and confined exciton emission. This system can be widely used in producing multicolor emissions, low-threshold lasing, study light-matter interaction, slow light engineering, and weak nonlinear optical devices.
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