Omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown to reduce triglycerides but also increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL). ...Whether EPA or DHA given as monotherapy has differential effects on serum lipoproteins has not been systematically evaluated. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of monotherapy with EPA (
n
= 10), DHA (
n
= 17), or EPA versus DHA (
n
= 6). Compared with placebo, DHA raised LDL 7.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.98–10.5) whereas EPA non-significantly reduced LDL. In direct comparison studies, DHA raised LDL 4.63 mg/dL (95% CI, 2.15–7.10) more than EPA. Both EPA and DHA reduced triglycerides, with a greater reduction by DHA in direct comparison studies. DHA also raised high-density lipoprotein (4.49 mg/dL; 95% CI, 3.50–5.48) compared with placebo, whereas EPA did not. Although EPA and DHA both reduce triglycerides, they have divergent effects on LDL and high-density lipoprotein. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and significance of these differences.
Abstract
The emerging computable devices, graphical processing units (GPUs), are gradually applied in the simulations of space physics. In this paper, we introduce an approach that implements full ...kinetic particle-in-cell simulations on GPU architecture devices using the CUDA Fortran language programming for the first time. Using the latest high-performance computing NVIDIA GPUs, this program, which follows the second-order leap-frog iteration method, can speed up the computing process by a factor of 150–285 on a single device compared with the time cost of running with a single core of an Intel Xeon Gold processor. Our scheme improves fast accessibility to the simulation results and provides valuable assistance in studying the physical process.
Abstract
In addition to serving as the power house of mammalian cells, mitochondria are crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to physiological or environmental changes. ...Several lines of evidence suggest that posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the bioenergetic function of mitochondria. Among them, reversible lysine acetylation of mitochondrial proteins has been established as one of the key mechanisms in cellular response to energy demand by modulating the flux of a number of key metabolic pathways. In this article, we focus on the role of Sirt3-mediated deacetylation in: (1) flexibility of energy metabolism, (2) activation of antioxidant defense, and (3) maintenance of cellular redox status in response to dietary challenge and oxidative stress. We suggest that oxidative stress-elicited down-regulation of Sirt3 plays a role in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiac hypotrophy, mitochondrial diseases, and age-related diseases. Besides, the physiological role of newly identified lysine acylation mediated by Sirt5 and its biochemical effects on oxidative metabolism are also discussed. Moreover, we have integrated the regulatory function of several protein kinases that are involved in the phosphorylation of mitochondrial enzymes during oxidative stress. Finally, the functional consequence of the synergistic regulation through diverse protein modifications is emphasized on the maintenance of the bioenergetic homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of the animal and human cells. Together, we have provided an updated review of PTM in mitochondrial biology and their implications in aging and human diseases through an intricate regulation of energy metabolism under oxidative stress.
Background
Nitroglycerin administration allows the study of cluster headache attacks in their entirety in a standardised way.
Methods
A single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study using ...weight-calculated intravenous nitroglycerin administration at 0.5 µg/kg/min over 20 minutes to study cluster headache attacks, including accompanying non-headache symptoms and cranial autonomic symptoms.
Results
Thirty-three subjects with cluster headache were included in the study; 24 completed all three study visits. Nitroglycerin-induced attacks developed in 26 out of 33 subjects (79%) receiving unblinded nitroglycerin infusion, and in 19 out of 25 subjects (76%) receiving single-blinded nitroglycerin infusion, compared with one out of 24 subjects (4%) receiving single-blinded placebo infusion. Episodic cluster headache subjects had a shorter latency period to a nitroglycerin-induced attack compared to the chronic cluster headache (CCH) subjects (U = 15, z = −2.399, p = 0.016). Sixteen of nineteen episodic cluster headache (mean, 84%; 95% confidence interval, 66–100%) and 11 of 14 chronic cluster headache subjects developed a nitroglycerin-induced attack (79%, 54–100%) following the unblinded nitroglycerin infusion. Following the single-blinded nitroglycerin infusion, eight out of 13 episodic cluster headache (62%, 31–92%) and 11 out of 12 chronic cluster headache (92%, 73–100%) subjects developed nitroglycerin-induced attacks. Nitroglycerin induced non-headache symptoms in the majority of subjects receiving it: 91% in the open unblinded nitroglycerin visit and 84% in the single-blinded nitroglycerin visits, compared with 33% in the single-blinded placebo visit. Cranial autonomic symptoms were induced by nitroglycerin infusion, 94% in the open unblinded nitroglycerin visit and 84% in the single-blinded nitroglycerin visit, compared with 17% in the single-blinded placebo visit.
Conclusion
Intravenous weight-adjusted nitroglycerin administration in both episodic cluster headache in bout and chronic cluster headache is effective and reliable in inducing cluster headache attacks, cranial autonomic symptoms and non-headache symptoms.
As a saturable absorption material, the heterostructure with the van der Waals structure has been paid much attention in material science. In general, the heterogeneous combination is able to ...neutralize, or even exceed, the individual material's advantages in some aspects. In this paper, which describes the magnetron sputtering deposition method, the tapered fiber is coated by the MoS2-WS2 heterostructure, and the MoS2-WS2 heterostructure saturable absorber (SA) is fabricated. The modulation depth of the prepared MoS2-WS2 heterostructure SA is measured to be 19.12%. Besides, the theoretical calculations for the band gap and carrier mobility of the MoS2-WS2 heterostructure are provided. By employing the prepared SA, a stable and passively erbium-doped fiber laser is implemented. The generated pulse duration of 154 fs is certified to be the shortest among all fiber lasers based on transition mental dichalcogenides. Results in this paper provide the new direction for the fabrication of ultrafast photon modulation devices.
Abstract
Utilizing the unprecedented high-resolution Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data from 2015 September to 2017 December, we perform a statistical study of electron vortexes in the turbulent ...terrestrial magnetosheath. On the whole, 506 electron vortex events are successfully selected. Electron vortexes can occur at four known types of magnetic structures, including 78, 42, 26, and 39 electron vortexes observed during the crossings of the current sheets, magnetic holes, magnetic peaks, and flux ropes, respectively. Except for the four types of structures, the rest of the electron vortexes are in the “Others” category, defined as unknown structures. The electron vortexes mainly occur in the subsolar region, with only a few in the flank region. The total occurrence rate of all electron vortexes is 4.86 hr
–1
, with, on average, 3.65 events hr
−1
in the
X-Y
plane and 3.26 events hr
−1
in the
X-Z
plane. The durations of most of the electron vortexes concentrate within 0.5–1.5 s and are 1.09 s on average. The electron vortexes are ion-scale structures owing to the average scale of 2.05 ion gyroradius. In addition, the means, medians, and maxima of the energy dissipation
J
·
E
′ in the electron vortexes are almost positive, implying that the electron vortex may be a potential coherent structure or channel for turbulent energy dissipation. All these results reveal the statistical characteristics of electron vortexes in the magnetosheath and improve our understanding of energy dissipation in astrophysical and space plasmas.
Revealing spatially varying relationships between urban growth patterns and underlying determinants is important for better understanding local dimensions of urban development. Through a case study ...of Nanjing, China, we employ both global and local logistic regressions to model the probability of urban land expansion against a set of spatial variables. We found that compared with other fast growing coastal cities, Nanjing remains a relatively compact city. The orthodox logistic regression found the significance of proximity, neighborhood conditions, and urban agglomeration in urban land change. The logistic GWR significantly improves the global logistic regression model in terms of better model goodness-of-fit and lower level of spatial autocorrelation of residuals. More importantly, the local estimates of parameters of spatial variables enable us to investigate spatial variations of the influences of spatial variables on urban growth. We have found distinctive local patterns and effects of urban growth in Nanjing, shaped by local urban spatial and institutional structures. A probability surface of urban growth, which is generated from raster calculations among the parameter and variable surfaces, provides a clear scenario of urban growth patterns and can be useful for decision making. This study also shows the importance of policy studies and fieldwork in the interpretation of results generated from statistical and GIS modeling.
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A sphere impacting a plate is different from impacting a half-space bulk, because energy in the former case can be dissipated in a form of flexural wave propagating on the plate. Such ...energy loss by the elastic wave can be explained by the Zener model; however, this model is only valid for low-velocity impact with elastic Hertzian contact law. For high-velocity impact with contact plasticity, the Zener model is not valid any ore because energy dissipation by plasticity may take a large fraction, so that the Zener model, which ignores plasticity, will overestimate the coefficient of restitution (COR). In order to study how much the plasticity affects the sphere impacting the plate, we developed a modified Zener model by employing the contact plasticity into the controlling equation. Using the developed model, we firstly presented a thickness-dependent yielding velocity (yielding impact velocity depends on the thickness of the plate), above which the contact plasticity should be taken into account. What is more, we presented a semi-analytical solution to predict the COR over a large range of plate thickness. Meanwhile, finite element simulations were carried out to prove that the present model can give enough accuracy for the high velocity impact.
Background
IL‐25 has been proposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This study aimed to evaluate the association of IL‐25 with the ...Th2‐biased inflammatory profiles in CRSwNP.
Methods
Nasal polyp (NP) tissues and control uncinate process tissues were collected from 92 patients with CRSwNP, 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and 16 normal control subjects. IL‐25 expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, RT‐qPCR, and ELISA. The inflammatory profiles and clinical characteristics of 2 NP subtypes (IL‐25high and IL‐25low) were evaluated, and the effects of IL‐25 on Th2 cytokine production in cultured dispersed polyp cells were examined in vitro.
Results
The mRNA and protein levels of IL‐25 were significantly increased in the polyp tissues compared with the control uncinate process tissues. The IL‐25high subtype showed greater computed tomography scores, endoscopic scores, and Th2 response. Exposure to IL‐25 activated type 2 innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells in NP simultaneously which further increased Th2 cytokine production in vitro.
Conclusions
Local IL‐25 plays a crucial role in promoting Th2‐biased inflammatory profiles in NP and may serve as a promising therapeutic target in CRSwNP patients.
We introduce novel algorithms for the quantum simulation of fermionic systems which are dramatically more efficient than those based on the Lie-Trotter-Suzuki decomposition. We present the first ...application of a general technique for simulating Hamiltonian evolution using a truncated Taylor series to obtain logarithmic scaling with the inverse of the desired precision. The key difficulty in applying algorithms for general sparse Hamiltonian simulation to fermionic simulation is that a query, corresponding to computation of an entry of the Hamiltonian, is costly to compute. This means that the gate complexity would be much higher than quantified by the query complexity. We solve this problem with a novel quantum algorithm for on-the-fly computation of integrals that is exponentially faster than classical sampling. While the approaches presented here are readily applicable to a wide class of fermionic models, we focus on quantum chemistry simulation in second quantization, perhaps the most studied application of Hamiltonian simulation. Our central result is an algorithm for simulating an N spin-orbital system that requires gates. This approach is exponentially faster in the inverse precision and at least cubically faster in N than all previous approaches to chemistry simulation in the literature.
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