Placental dysfunction is related to many pregnancy complications, but collecting placental specimens for investigation in large scale epidemiologic studies is often infeasible. Standard procedures ...involving immediate collection after birth and snap freezing are often cost prohibitive. We aimed to collect pilot data regarding the feasibility and precision of a simpler approach, the collection of tissue samples following 24 hours of refrigeration of whole placentae at 4°C, as compared to the "gold standard" of snap freezing excised tissue within 40 minutes of delivery for the assessment of inflammatory cytokines.
Placentae were collected from 12 women after delivering live-born singleton babies via uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Two placentae were utilized to establish laboratory tissue processing and assay protocols. The other 10 placentae were utilized in a comparison of three tissue collection conditions. Specifically, key inflammatory cytokines were measured in 3 sections, representing three collection conditions. Sections 1 (full thickness) and 2 (excised prior to freezing) were obtained within 40 minutes of delivery and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and section 3 (full thickness) was obtained after refrigerating the placenta at 4°C for 24 hours.
IL-6, IL-10, and IL-8 all had comparable concentrations and variability overall in all three section types. Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were too low among samples to reliably measure using immunoassay.
Refrigeration of placentae prior to processing does not appear to compromise detection of these cytokines for purposes of large scale studies. These findings provide a framework and preliminary data for the study of inflammatory cytokines within the placenta in large scale and/or resource-limited settings.
Purpose
An examination of multiple primary cancers can provide insight into the etiologic role of genes, the environment, and prior cancer treatment on a cancer patient’s risk of developing a ...subsequent cancer. Different rules for registering multiple primary cancers (MP) are used by cancer registries throughout the world making data comparisons difficult.
Methods
We evaluated the effect of SEER and IARC/IACR rules on cancer incidence rates and trends using data from the SEER Program. We estimated age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and trends (1975–2011) for the top 26 cancer categories using joinpoint regression analysis.
Results
ASIRs were higher using SEER compared to IARC/IACR rules for all cancers combined (3 %) and, in rank order, melanoma (9 %), female breast (7 %), urinary bladder (6 %), colon (4 %), kidney and renal pelvis (4 %), oral cavity and pharynx (3 %), lung and bronchus (2 %), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2 %). ASIR differences were largest for patients aged 65+ years. Trends were similar using both MP rules with the exception of cancers of the urinary bladder, and kidney and renal pelvis.
Conclusions
The choice of multiple primary coding rules effects incidence rates and trends. Compared to SEER MP coding rules, IARC/IACR rules are less complex, have not changed over time, and report fewer multiple primary cancers, particularly cancers that occur in paired organs, at the same anatomic site and with the same or related histologic type. Cancer registries collecting incidence data using SEER rules may want to consider including incidence rates and trends using IARC/IACR rules to facilitate international data comparisons.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention helps to support a nationwide network of population‐based cancer registries that collect information regarding all patients diagnosed with cancer. These ...data tell a compelling story about the disproportionate burden of lower cancer survival experienced by vulnerable populations, and can be used by state and national partners to inform cancer control activities.
Follow-up procedures vary among cancer registries in North America. US registries are funded by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program and/or the National Program of Cancer ...Registries (NPCR). SEER registries ascertain vital status and date of last contact to meet follow-up standards. NPCR and Canadian registries primarily conduct linkages with local and national death records to ascertain deaths. Data on patients diagnosed between 2002 through 2006 and followed through 2007 were obtained from 51 registries. Registries that met follow-up standards or, at a minimum, conducted linkages with local and national death records had comparable age-standardized five-year survival estimates (all sites and races combined): 63.9% SEER, 63.1% NPCR, and 62.6% Canada. Estimates varied by cancer site. Survival data from registries using different follow-up procedures are comparable if death ascertainment is complete and all nondeceased patients are presumed to be alive to the end of the study period.
Background
Survival from pancreatic cancer is low worldwide. In the US, the 5‐year relative survival has been slightly higher for women, whites and younger patients than for their counterparts, and ...differences in age and stage at diagnosis Corrections added Nov 16, 2022, after first online publication: a new affiliation is added to Maja Nikšić may contribute to this pattern. We aimed to examine trends in survival by race, stage, age and sex for adults (15‐99 years) diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the US.
Methods
This population‐based study included 399,427 adults registered with pancreatic cancer in 41 US state cancer registries during 2001‐2014, with follow‐up to December 31, 2014. We estimated age‐specific and age‐standardized net survival at 1 and 5 years.
Results
Overall, 12.3% of patients were blacks, and 84.2% were whites. About 9.5% of patients were diagnosed with localized disease, but 50.5% were diagnosed at an advanced stage; slightly more among blacks, mainly among men. No substantial changes were seen over time (2001‐2003, 2004‐2008, 2009‐2014). In general, 1‐year net survival was higher in whites than in blacks (26.1% vs. 22.1% during 2001‐2003, 35.1% vs. 31.4% during 2009‐2014). This difference was particularly evident among patients with localized disease (49.6% in whites vs. 44.6% in blacks during 2001‐2003, 60.1% vs. 55.3% during 2009‐2014). The survival gap between blacks and whites with localized disease was persistent at 5 years after diagnosis, and it widened over time (from 24.0% vs. 21.3% during 2001‐2003 to 39.7% vs. 31.0% during 2009‐2014). The survival gap was wider among men than among women.
Conclusions
Gaps in 1‐ and 5‐year survival between blacks and whites were persistent throughout 2001‐2014, especially for patients diagnosed with a localized tumor, for which surgery is currently the only treatment modality with the potential for cure.
Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) calls for a 10% to 15% reduction in death rates from 2007 to 2020 for selected cancers. Trends in death rates can be used to predict progress toward meeting HP2020 ...targets.
We used mortality data from 1975 through 2009 and population estimates and projections to predict deaths for all cancers and the top 23 cancers among men and women by race. We apportioned changes in deaths from population risk and population growth and aging.
From 1975 to 2009, the number of cancer deaths increased among white and black Americans primarily because of an aging white population and a growing black population. Overall, age-standardized cancer death rates (risk) declined in all groups. From 2007 to 2020, rates are predicted to continue to decrease while counts of deaths are predicted to increase among men (15%) and stabilize among women (increase <10%). Declining death rates are predicted to meet HP2020 targets for cancers of the female breast, lung and bronchus, cervix and uterus, colon and rectum, oral cavity and pharynx, and prostate, but not for melanoma.
Cancer deaths among women overall are predicted to increase by less than 10%, because of, in part, declines in breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer deaths among white women. Increased efforts to promote cancer prevention and improve survival are needed to counter the impact of a growing and aging population on the cancer burden and to meet melanoma target death rates.
The Burden of Rare Cancers in North America Hofer, Brenda M; Weir, Hannah K; Eckstrand, Angela ...
Journal of registry management,
2023-Winter, 20230101, Letnik:
50, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Rare cancers are difficult to study owing to their infrequent diagnosis. Using aggregate incidence data from population-based cancer registries in Europe, the Surveillance of Rare Cancers in Europe ...project compiled a list of clinically relevant, topography and morphology defined rare cancers operationally defined as having a crude annual incidence rate of <6 per 100,000 persons. In 2020, this list of rare cancers was updated. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of a rare cancer recode variable for use in the Cancer in North America (CiNA) dataset and to provide a first look at the burden of rare cancers in Canada and the United States.
Data were obtained from 62 registries in Canada and the United States that met North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) high-quality data standards. The list of rare cancers was programmed as a Rare Cancer Classification variable within SEER*Stat. SEER*Stat was used to estimate case counts and crude and age-specific incidence rates per 100,000 for cancers diagnosed 2015-2019 by age at diagnosis, country, and country-specific geographic regions in Canada and the United States, and by race/ethnicity in the United States.
In Canada and the United States, 21% and 22% of all invasive cancers were classified as rare, respectively. The percentage of rare cancers ranged between 18% to 21% across geographic regions in Canada and the United States. Children (aged 0-14 years) had the highest percentage and lowest incidence rates of rare cancers. The percentage of rare cancers decreased, and incidence increased with increasing age. In the United States, Hispanics had the highest percentage (27%) and non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks the lowest percentage (21%) of rare cancers.
While individual rare cancers are infrequently diagnosed, in aggregate, they account for a substantial percentage of all cancers diagnosed in the population and pose a substantial public health burden. We report variations in percentage of rare cancers by age, and race/ethnicity (United States only). Such variations in the burden of these cancers may suggest possible areas for public health research.
Educational attainment (EA) is inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. Colorectal cancer screening can save lives if precancerous polyps or early cancers are found and successfully treated. ...This study aims to estimate the potential productivity loss (PPL) and associated avoidable colorectal cancer-related deaths among screen-eligible adults residing in lower EA counties in the United States.
Mortality and population data were used to examine colorectal cancer deaths (2008-2012) among adults aged 50 to 74 years in lower EA counties, and to estimate the expected number of deaths using the mortality experience from high EA counties. Excess deaths (observed-expected) were used to estimate potential years life lost, and the human capital method was used to estimate PPL in 2012 U.S. dollars.
County-level colorectal cancer death rates were inversely associated with county-level EA. Of the 100,857 colorectal cancer deaths in lower EA counties, we estimated that more than 21,000 (1 in 5) was potentially avoidable and resulted in nearly $2 billion annual productivity loss.
County-level EA disparities contribute to a large number of potentially avoidable colorectal cancer-related deaths. Increased prevention and improved screening potentially could decrease deaths and help reduce the associated economic burden in lower EA communities. Increased screening could further reduce deaths in all EA groups.
These results estimate the large economic impact of potentially avoidable colorectal cancer-related deaths in economically disadvantaged communities, as measured by lower EA.
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Background Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. Melanoma skin cancer is particularly deadly; more than 8000 US residents die from it each year. Although recent reports ...suggest that melanoma incidence rates have been increasing, these apparent increases could be caused by an increase in reporting and/or screening, and by an actual increase in the occurrence of melanoma. Objective In this report, we describe methods used in this supplement to assess the current burden of melanoma in the United States using data from two federal cancer surveillance programs: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. We also provide basic descriptive epidemiologic data about melanoma in the United States. Methods Cancer incidence data from population-based cancer registries that participate in the CDC National Program of Cancer Registries and/or the NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program covering 78% of the US population for 2004 to 2006 were used. Results Over 45 thousand melanomas were diagnosed annually, with a rate of 19 cases per 100,000 persons. Limitations Melanoma rates may vary because of differences in reporting, diagnosis, and screening. Conclusion To our knowledge, the articles in this supplement constitute the first comprehensive examination of the overall burden of melanoma in the United States based on data from a majority of the US population.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates and one of the lowest survival rates of any cancer type in the Western world. However, in many countries, trends in esophageal ...cancer differ according to tumour morphology and anatomical location. In Canada, incidence and survival trends for esophageal cancer subtypes are poorly known.
Cancer incidence and mortality rates were obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System and the Canadian Vital Statistics Death databases for the period from 1986 to 2006. Observed trends (annual per cent change) and five-year relative survival ratios were estimated separately for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and according to location (upper, middle, or lower one-third of the esophagus). Incidence rates were projected up to the year 2026.
Annual age-standardized incidence rates for esophageal cancer in 2004 to 2006 were 6.1 and 1.7 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively. Esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rose by 3.9% (males) and 3.6% (females) per year for the period 1986 to 2006, with the steepest increase in the lower one-third of the esophagus (4.8% and 5.0% per year among males and females, respectively). In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma incidence declined by 3.3% (males) and 3.2% (females) per year since the early 1990s. The five-year relative survival ratio for esophageal cancer was 13% between 2004 and 2006, approximately a 3% increase since the period from 1992 to 1994. Projected incidence rates showed increases of 40% to 50% for esophageal adenocarcinoma and decreases of 30% for squamous cell carcinoma by 2026.
Although esophageal cancer is rare in Canada, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has doubled in the past 20 years, which may reflect the increasing prevalence of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Declines in squamous cell carcinoma may be the result of the decreases in the prevalence of smoking in Canada. Given the low survival rates and the potential for further increases in incidence, esophageal adenocarcinoma warrants close attention.
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