BASS. XXII. The BASS DR2 AGN Catalog and Data Koss, Michael J.; Ricci, Claudio; Trakhtenbrot, Benny ...
The Astrophysical journal. Supplement series,
07/2022, Letnik:
261, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract We present the active galactic nucleus (AGN) catalog and optical spectroscopy for the second data release of the Swift BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS DR2). With this DR2 release we ...provide 1449 optical spectra, of which 1182 are released for the first time, for the 858 hard-X-ray-selected AGNs in the Swift BAT 70-month sample. The majority of the spectra (801/1449, 55%) are newly obtained from Very Large Telescope (VLT)/X-shooter or Palomar/Doublespec. Many of the spectra have both higher resolution ( R > 2500, N ∼ 450) and/or very wide wavelength coverage (3200–10000 Å, N ∼ 600) that are important for a variety of AGN and host galaxy studies. We include newly revised AGN counterparts for the full sample and review important issues for population studies, with 47 AGN redshifts determined for the first time and 790 black hole mass and accretion rate estimates. This release is spectroscopically complete for all AGNs (100%, 858/858), with 99.8% having redshift measurements (857/858) and 96% completion in black hole mass estimates of unbeamed AGNs (722/752). This AGN sample represents a unique census of the brightest hard-X-ray-selected AGNs in the sky, spanning many orders of magnitude in Eddington ratio ( L / L Edd = 10 −5 –100), black hole mass ( M BH = 10 5 –10 10 M ⊙ ), and AGN bolometric luminosity ( L bol = 10 40 –10 47 erg s −1 ).
B lymphocytes migrate among varied microenvironmental niches during diversification, selection, and conversion to memory or Ab-secreting plasma cells. Aspects of the nutrient milieu differ within ...these lymphoid microenvironments and can influence signaling molecules such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, much remains to be elucidated as to the B cell-intrinsic functions of nutrient-sensing signal transducers that modulate B cell differentiation or Ab affinity. We now show that the amino acid-sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is vital for induction of Bcl6-a key transcriptional regulator of the germinal center (GC) fate-in activated B lymphocytes. Accordingly, disruption of mTORC1 after B cell development and activation led to reduced populations of Ag-specific memory B cells as well as plasma cells and GC B cells. In addition, induction of the germ line transcript that guides activation-induced deaminase in selection of the IgG1 H chain region during class switching required mTORC1. Expression of the somatic mutator activation-induced deaminase was reduced by a lack of mTORC1 in B cells, whereas point mutation frequencies in Ag-specific GC-phenotype B cells were only halved. These effects culminated in a B cell-intrinsic defect that impacted an antiviral Ab response and drastically impaired generation of high-affinity IgG1. Collectively, these data establish that mTORC1 governs critical B cell-intrinsic mechanisms essential for establishment of GC differentiation and effective Ab production.
CD8, cluster of differentiation 8; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; IFNƔ, interferon gamma; IL-2, interleukin 2; Lag-3, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3; MHCII, major ...histocompatibility complex class II; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1,; Tim-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T cells. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007387.g001 T-cell impairment requires cognate antigen, because CD8+ T cells that are not specific to a viral antigen remain functional during primary infection 4. ...a significant portion of lung injury after serious infections is due to immunopathology rather than to the virus infecting and killing cells 15, 16. ...it is necessary for the immune system to balance virus clearance and immune-mediated damage during infection, and CD8+ T-cell impairment likely represents a host mechanism of protective immunoregulation. PD-1 is up-regulated by antigen stimulation, while inhibitory ligands are induced by interferons 25. Because antigen stimulation and interferon release tend to occur simultaneously only at the site of infection, this facilitates impairment specifically in the infected tissue and explains why T cells in the spleen or lymph node are not impaired in ARI. A future improvement to checkpoint therapy would be the ability to specifically target tumor-specific T cells. ...studies of respiratory virus infection in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors would help us understand and anticipate potential risks associated with these treatments.
Background Both being overweight and exposure to indoor pollutants, which have been associated with worse health of asthmatic patients, are common in urban minority populations. Whether being ...overweight is a risk factor for the effects of indoor pollutant exposure on asthma health is unknown. Objectives We sought to examine the effect of weight on the relationship between indoor pollutant exposure and asthma health in urban minority children. Methods One hundred forty-eight children (age, 5-17 years) with persistent asthma were followed for 1 year. Asthma symptoms, health care use, lung function, pulmonary inflammation, and indoor pollutants were assessed every 3 months. Weight category was based on body mass index percentile. Results Participants were predominantly African American (91%) and had public health insurance (85%). Four percent were underweight, 52% were normal weight, 16% were overweight, and 28% were obese. Overweight or obese participants had more symptoms associated with exposure to fine particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5 ) than normal-weight participants across a range of asthma symptoms. Overweight or obese participants also had more asthma symptoms associated with nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) exposure than normal-weight participants, although this was not observed across all types of asthma symptoms. Weight did not affect the relationship between exposure to coarse particulate matter measuring between 2.5 and 10 μm in diameter and asthma symptoms. Relationships between indoor pollutant exposure and health care use, lung function, or pulmonary inflammation did not differ by weight. Conclusion Being overweight or obese can increase susceptibility to indoor PM2.5 and NO2 in urban children with asthma. Interventions aimed at weight loss might reduce asthma symptom responses to PM2.5 and NO2 , and interventions aimed at reducing indoor pollutant levels might be particularly beneficial in overweight children.
Acute respiratory virus infection (ARI) induces CD8
T cells with diminished cytokine production and functional impairment. The role of cellular mediators of immune impairment, specifically CD4
...regulatory T cells (Tregs), is incompletely understood in ARI. Tregs are known suppressors of effector T cell function, but whether they are detrimental or beneficial in ARI remains controversial. We show in this paper that Treg depletion leads to increased CD8
T cell function and lower virus titer in mice infected with human metapneumovirus. We further demonstrate that Tregs play a temporal role in the immune response to human metapneumovirus and influenza: Treg depletion before infection pathologically reduces virus-specific CD8
T cell numbers and delays virus clearance, whereas depletion 2 d postinoculation enhances CD8
T cell functionality without reducing virus-specific CD8
T cell numbers. Mechanistically, Treg depletion during immune priming led to impaired dendritic cell and CD8
T cell migration. Further, early Treg depletion was associated with immune skewing toward a type 2 phenotype characterized by increased type 2 innate lymphoid cells and T
2 CD4
T cells, which was not observed when Treg depletion was delayed until after inoculation. These results indicate that the presence of Tregs at inoculation is critical for efficient priming of the CD8
T cell response to ARI, whereas later in infection, Tregs are dispensable for virus clearance.
The effect of indoor air pollutants on respiratory morbidity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in developed countries is uncertain.
The first longitudinal study to ...investigate the independent effects of indoor particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) concentrations on COPD morbidity in a periurban community.
Former smokers with COPD were recruited and indoor air was monitored over a 1-week period in the participant's bedroom and main living area at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. At each visit, participants completed spirometry and questionnaires assessing respiratory symptoms. Exacerbations were assessed by questionnaires administered at clinic visits and monthly telephone calls.
Participants (n = 84) had moderate or severe COPD with a mean FEV1 of 48.6% predicted. The mean (± SD) indoor PM(2.5) and NO(2) concentrations were 11.4 ± 13.3 µg/m(3) and 10.8 ± 10.6 ppb in the bedroom, and 12.2 ± 12.2 µg/m(3) and 12.2 ± 11.8 ppb in the main living area. Increases in PM(2.5) concentrations in the main living area were associated with increases in respiratory symptoms, rescue medication use, and risk of severe COPD exacerbations. Increases in NO(2) concentrations in the main living area were independently associated with worse dyspnea. Increases in bedroom NO(2) concentrations were associated with increases in nocturnal symptoms and risk of severe COPD exacerbations.
Indoor pollutant exposure, including PM(2.5) and NO(2), was associated with increased respiratory symptoms and risk of COPD exacerbation. Future investigations should include intervention studies that optimize indoor air quality as a novel therapeutic approach to improving COPD health outcomes.
This article reviews and summarizes more than 200 studies regarding key issues surrounding the transition of elderly patients to or from the emergency department (ED), with particular attention paid ...to the relationship between the ED and nursing homes. Transfers of care often occur with incomplete information, which results in increased morbidity, recidivism, and cost. Transitions of elderly patients could be improved by standardizing hand-offs processes, improving discharge planning for elderly patients, developing metrics for transfers of care and geriatric care quality, and finding sustainable sources of research funding.
Background
Currently, there is no nationally accepted protocol for addressing weight regain or inadequate weight loss after MBS.
Objectives
To devise, implement, and evaluate a protocol targeting ...weight regain or inadequate weight loss in MBS patients at our institution.
Setting
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
Methods
Patients at least 6 months following primary sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) who achieved or were trending toward <50% excess body weight loss or who regained ≥10% of their lowest postoperative weight, were identified and referred for medical weight loss (MWL) intervention. Exclusion criteria were body mass index (BMI) ≤ 27 kg/m2, treatment with adjustable gastric banding, and conversion from SG to RYGB.
Results
2274 patients who were >6 months out from surgery were evaluated over 12 months. 93 patients (86% female) met criteria for inclusion. 69 (74%) patients agreed to intervention and were followed for an average of 165 days (SD 106.89 days), demonstrating a mean weight change of −5.11 kg (SD 6.86 kg), and BMI change of −1.81 kg/m2 (SD 2.37 kg/m2). Patients who spent <90 days in a MWL program demonstrated less average weight loss (1.75 kg vs 6.48 kg) (P = .0042), and less change in BMI (−.63 kg/m2 vs −2.29 kg/m2) (P = .0037) when compared to patients who spent >90 days in the MWL intervention.
Conclusions
This study identifies criteria for intervention in patients suffering weight regain or inadequate weight loss after MBS and demonstrates that standardized identification and referral for treatment results in modest weight loss.
The host tropism of viral infection is determined by a variety of factors, from cell surface receptors to innate immune signaling. Many viruses encode proteins that interfere with host innate immune ...recognition in order to promote infection. STAT2 is divergent between species and therefore has a role in species restriction of some viruses. To understand the role of STAT2 in human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection of human and murine tissues, we first infected STAT2
mice and found that HMPV could be serially passaged in STAT2
, but not WT, mice. We then used in vitro methods to show that HMPV inhibits expression of both STAT1 and STAT2 in human and primate cells, but not in mouse cells. Transfection of the murine form of STAT2 into STAT2-deficient human cells conferred resistance to STAT2 inhibition. Finally, we sought to understand the in vivo role of STAT2 by infecting hSTAT2 knock-in mice with HMPV, and found that mice had increased weight loss, inhibition of type I interferon signaling, and a Th2-polarized cytokine profile compared to WT mice. These results indicate that STAT2 is a target of HMPV in human infection, while the murine version of STAT2 restricts tropism of HMPV for murine cells and tissue.
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