Despite an insistence that all times and places are potentially sacramental, the growth of pilgrimage to sites associated with early Quaker history has endowed certain places with particular ...spiritual significance for Friends. This paper uses Firbank Fell and Pardshaw Crag in Cumbria, two locations that contain rocks known as ‘Fox’s Pulpit’, as a starting point to explore the place of ‘storied ground’ in Quaker history and identity, focussing on the ‘1652 Country’ in north-west England.
This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.
Despite significant progress in recent years, the evolution of commons over the long run remains an under-explored area. During the last years an international team of historians has worked under the ...umbrella of the Common Rules Project in order to design and test a new methodology aimed at advancing our knowledge on the dynamics of institutions for collective action – in particular commons. This project aims to contribute to the current debates in three different fronts. Theoretically, it explicitly draws the attention to change and adaptation in the commons – contrasting with more static analyses. Empirically, it highlights the value of historical records as a rich source of information for longitudinal analysis of the functioning of commons. Methodologically, it develops a systematic way of analyzing and comparing commons’ regulations across regions and time, setting a number of variables that have been defined on the basis of the “most common denominators” in commons’ regulations across countries and time periods. In this paper we introduce the project, describe our sources and methodology, and present the preliminary results of our analysis.
Stinting - the numerical limitation of grazing rights - was one of the primary methods of governing livestock numbers on common land in England. This paper charts the growth of stinting, explores the ...reasons behind its introduction, and considers the role of stinting in
the sustainable management of grazing reserves and in the evolution of concepts of property rights on common land since the medieval period. It is argued that growing pressure on grazing was only one driver behind the introduction of stinting and that some stinted rights in upland northern
England originated in agistment on private forest pastures. The paper also considers the consequences of stinting, one of which was to convert a common right of pasture into a more adaptable, transferable and potentially profitable commodity, which could be severed from the holding to which
it originally belonged, breaking a link which lay at the heart of the law on commons.
Chapter 1: The Society's First 150 Years Winchester, Angus J L
Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society,
01/2016
Journal Article
The first chapter in the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society's 150th anniversary publication provides a rich and detailed history of the society from its founding in ...1866 During the middle decades of the 19th century a more wide-ranging form of society came to prominence, concerned with all aspects of the local past and sometimes including the study of natural history as well. Organized by members of the moneyed middle classes of the two counties, at a meeting in Penrith, the society set to work, organizing semi-annual meetings to present papers on antiquarian and architectural subjects of interest. Leaders of special note are profiled; the conservation and preservation work of the society during the war years is investigated and efforts of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian society to coordinate with similar groups across the nation are described. OA
Chapter 9: Anniversary Reflections Winchester, Angus J L
Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society,
01/2016
Journal Article
Chapter 9 of the special 150th anniversary publication from the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society reflects on some of the 'themes' running through the many years of ...the Society's investigations, and discusses the impact of its many contributions to Cumbrian heritage studies, archaeology and history. The changable and changing perspectives of 'Cumbrian' and "Westmorlander' are considered, and the creative evolution from 'Antiquarian' to 'Archaeological' are recapitualated. The Society continues to be a shared passion of a large number of social historians, archaeologists, preservationists, hobbyists and history buffs.
Taking as its starting point Rackham's distinction between 'planned countryside' and 'ancient countryside', this paper argues that the distinctive character of the Cumbrian landscape can only be ...understood in the context of patterns of land tenure and their impact on the scale and pace of agrarian change during the Agricultural Revolution. Most of the 'planned countryside' in Cumbria was the result of parliamentary enclosure of former moorland, whereas areas of earlier enclosure largely have the characteristics of 'ancient countryside'. The survival of these older landscapes across the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was linked to the survival of customary tenures, which prevented landlords from gaining direct control over their estates and contributed to a withdrawal of a gentry presence from much of rural Cumbria. Only where leases for years were found (on former demesnes and on some manors close to the Scottish Border) were landlords able to re-write the farming landscape during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Using the tithe plan, the field-names of Glassonby have been reconstructed from the 1568 survey of this small Cumberland manor, making it possible to recreate the Tudor farming landscape. A ...comparison between the Glassonby field-names of 2009 to those recorded in the sixteenth-century survey and tithe plan shows that almost half have survived into the modern era. Many of these can be traced-back several centuries earlier than the 1560s. The attrition rate of field-names was 35% between 1568 and 1841 and a further 19% were lost in the last 170 years. Various factors are considered to explain this accelerating loss, the most crucial being disuse, precipitated by the severe contraction of the agricultural community and the Ordnance Survey practice of field numbering. The derivations of Glassonby's field-names are presented in an appendix.
Examines the distribution of personal names, both surnames and forenames recorded in the Protestation Returns of 1642 for Cumberland and north Westmorland in order to explores issues of local ...identity; the geographic distribution forenames has seldom been explored, and these names reflect prevailing culture and fashion rather than the "genetic markers" of surnames. The three sample areas are the Borders, the Solway lowlands and the northern Lake District, and the starting point is John Housman's perceptions of local differences in Cumberland in the late 18C. The analysis reveals highly self-contained societies and shared experiences like marriage horizons, master-servant relationships, and migration patterns.
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