Post-translational modification of proteins through lysine succinylation plays important regulatory roles in living cells. Lysine succinylation was recently identified as a novel post-translational ...modification in Escherichia coli, yeast, Toxoplasma gondii, HeLa cells, and mouse liver. Interestingly, only a few sites of lysine succinylation have been detected in plants to date. In this study, we identified 347 sites of lysine succinylation in 202 proteins in tomato by using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Succinylated proteins are implicated in the regulation of diverse metabolic processes, including chloroplast and mitochondrial metabolism. Bioinformatic analysis showed that succinylated proteins are evolutionarily conserved and involved in various cellular functions such as metabolism and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, succinylated proteins exhibit diverse subcellular localizations. We also defined six types of definitively conserved succinylation motifs. These results provide the first in-depth analysis of the lysine succinylome and novel insights into the role of succinylation in tomato, thereby elucidating lysine succinylation in the context of cellular physiology and metabolite biosynthesis in plants.
The traditional photodetectors based on photoelectric effect exhibit inferior response or even out of operation with the decrease of temperature. However, cryogenic visible light detection is ...increasingly demanded in deep space and polar exploration. Herein, a self‐powered visible photodetector coupling pyroelectricity and photoelectricity to optimize the cryogenic detecting performance is designed in which hydrothermally grown CdS nanorod array is covered by SnS nanoflakes. The choice of SnS allows the detector with strong visible light absorption and great photoelectric conversion efficiency, while the CdS nanorod structure with pyroelectricity can effectively modulate the behavior of photogenerated carriers at low temperatures. It is found that the response characteristics of the photodetector are dominated by the combination of pyroelectric and photoelectric effects, which becomes more significant with the reduced temperature. Specifically, at 130 K temperature, the photoresponse current under 650 nm light is improved by 7.5 times as that at room temperature, while the ratio of pyroelectric current to photocurrent can be increased to 400%. Meanwhile, the responsivity and detectivity are as high as 10.4 mA W−1 and 3.56 × 1011 Jones, respectively. This work provides a promising approach to develop high‐performance self‐powered visible photodetectors with low‐temperature operating capability.
Low‐temperature visible photodetectors are necessary for military applications and space and polar explorations. This paper proposes a method to improve the low‐temperature visible detecting performance by using a pyroelectric effect. An SnS/CdS heterojunction is successfully fabricated, with an enhanced detecting current and fast response speed at 130 K in the self‐powered mode.
We report the fabrication of 2D ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/1D TiO2 nanorod heterojunction arrays by a facile hydrothermal process and their use as photoelectrodes in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell for ...high-performance solar water splitting. The morphology, microstructure, and phase of pristine TiO2 and 2D ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/1D TiO2 nanorod heterojunction arrays were characterized in detail. PEC measurements showed that 2D/1D heterojunction arrays offered enhanced photocurrent density (3 times higher than that of pristine TiO2), negatively shifted onset potential from 0.05 to −0.53 V, and high light on/off cycle stability. Electrochemical impedance investigation attested to a significant improvement of the interface electron transfer kinetics in this heterojunction, thus facilitating electron–hole separation, transfer, and collection, which resulted in enhanced PEC properties.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a class of riboregulators that either directly act in long form or are processed to shorter miRNAs and siRNAs. Emerging evidence shows that lncRNAs ...participate in stress responsive regulation. In this study, to identify the putative maize lncRNAs responsive to drought stress, 8449 drought responsive transcripts were first uploaded to the Coding Potential Calculator website for classification as protein coding or non-coding RNAs, and 1724 RNAs were identified as potential non-coding RNAs. A Perl script was written to screen these 1724 ncRNAs and 664 transcripts were ultimately identified as drought-responsive lncRNAs. Of these 664 transcripts, 126 drought-responsive lncRNAs were highly similar to known maize lncRNAs; the remaining 538 transcripts were considered as novel lncRNAs. Among the 664 lncRNAs identified as drought responsive, 567 were upregulated and 97 were downregulated in drought-stressed leaves of maize. 8 lncRNAs were identified as miRNA precursor lncRNAs, 62 were classified as both shRNA and siRNA precursors, and 279 were classified as siRNA precursors. The remaining 315 lncRNAs were classified as other lncRNAs that are likely to function as longer molecules. Among these 315 lncRNAs, 10 are identified as antisense lncRNAs and 7 could pair with 17 CDS sequences with near-perfect matches. Finally, RT-qPCR results confirmed that all selected lncRNAs could respond to drought stress. These findings extend the current view on lncRNAs as ubiquitous regulators under stress conditions.
In a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell for water splitting, the critical issue is charge separation and transport, which is usually completed by designing semiconductor heterojunctions. TiO2 ...anatase–rutile mixed junctions could largely improve photocatalytic properties, but impairs PEC water splitting performance. We designed and prepared two types of TiO2 heterostructures with the anatase thin film and rutile nanowire phases organized in different sequences. The two types of heterostructures were used as PEC photoanodes for water splitting and demonstrated completely opposite results. Rutile nanowires on anatase film demonstrated enhanced photocurrent density and onset potential, whereas strong negative performance was obtained from anatase film on rutile nanowire structures. The mechanism was investigated by photoresponse, light absorption and reflectance, and electrochemical impedance spectra. This work revealed the significant role of phase sequence in performance gain of anatase–rutile TiO2 heterostructured PEC photoanodes.
Recent evidence shows that small RNAs are transferred from a species to another through cross-species transmission and exhibit biological activities in the receptor. In this study, we focused on ...tomato-derived sRNAs play a role of defense against
. Bioinformatics method was firstly employed to identify tomato-encoded sRNAs as the cross-species antifungal factors targeting
genes. Then the expression levels of some identifed sRNAs were checked in
-infected plant using qRT-PCR method. Exogenic RNA-induced gene silences analysis were performed to investigate the antifungal roles of the sRNAs, and the target genes in
of antifungal sRNAs would be confirmed by using co-expression analysis. Results showed that a total of 21
-induced sRNAs with high abundance were identified as the cross-kingdom regulator candidates. Among them, three sRNAs containing a miRNA (miR396a-5p) and two siRNA (siR3 and siR14) were selected for experimental validation and bioassay analysis. qRT-PCR confirmed that all of these 3 sRNAs were induced in tomato leaves by
infection. Correspondingly, 4 virulence genes of B. cinerea respectively targeted by these 3 sRNAs were down-regulated. Bioassay revealed that all of these 3 cross-species sRNAs could inhibit the virulence and spore gemination of
. Correspondingly, the coding genes of
targeted by these sRNAs were also down-regulated. Moreover, the virulence inhibition by double strand sRNA was more effective than that by single strand sRNA. The inhibition efficiency of sRNA against
increased with the increase of its concentration. Our findings provide new evidence into the coevolution of pathogens and host plants, as well as new directions for the use of plant-derived sRNAs to control pathogens.
In present study, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry were utilized to investigate the classification, characterization and immune functions of hemocytes from horseshoe crab, ...Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Three types of hemocytes were distinguished respectively: the granular cell, the semi-granular cell and the hyaline cell by transmission electron microscopy, while three hemocyte subpopulations (Gate 1 cell, Gate 2 cell, Gate 3 cell) were classified by flow cytometry. Hyaline cell was the major cell type with the highest nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and granular cell and semi-granular cell showed lower ratios. Immune parameters of hemocytes in horseshoe crabs were investigated by flow cytometry. Different hemocyte subpopulations respond for diverse functions. Lysosomal contents and hemocyte mortality in Gate 3 cell subpopulation were higher than that in other subpopulations, while reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis and non-specific esterase, in Gate 1 cell subpopulation, were higher than those in other subpopulations. The hemocyte types between the two species had no significant differences in staining or morphology.
Plant miRNAs are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses by altering their expression levels, and they play an important role in the regulation of plant resistance to stress. However, ...the molecular mechanism that regulates the expression levels of miRNAs in plants with biotic and abiotic stress still needs to be explored. Previously, we found that the expression of the miR482 family was changed in tomato infected by Botrytis cinerea. In this study, we investigated and uncovered the mechanism underlying the response of miR482 to B. cinerea infection in tomato.
First, RT-qPCR was employed to detect the expression patterns of miR482b in tomato infected by B. cinerea, and results showed that miR482b primary transcripts (pri-miR482b) were up-regulated in B. cinerea-infected leaves, but the mature miR482b was down-regulated. Subsequently, we used rapid amplification cDNA end method to amplify the full-length of pri-miR482b. Result showed that the pri-miR482b had two isoforms, with the longer one (consisting 300 bp) having an extra fragment of 53 bp in the 3'-end compared with the shorter one. In vitro Dicer assay indicated that the longer isoform pri-miR482b-x1 had higher efficiency in the post-transcriptional splicing of miRNA than the shorter isoform pri-miR482b-x2. In addition, the transcription level of mature miR482b was much higher in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing pri-miR482b-x1 than that in OE pri-miR482b-x2 Arabidopsis. These results confirmed that this extra 53 bp in pri-miR482b-x1 might play a key role in the miR482b biogenesis of post-transcription processing.
Extra 53 bp in pri-miR482b-x1 enhanced miR482b biogenesis, which elevated the transcription level of miR482b. This study clarified the response of miR482 to B. cinerea infection in tomato, thereby helping us further understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression levels of other miRNAs.
Northern leaf blight, caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.), is a major disease of maize (Zea mays L.). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently reported as gene expression regulators ...related to several stress responses; however, evidence of the role of miRNAs in plant response to biotic stresses is limited. In this study, the miRNA expression patterns in maize in response to E. turcicum stress were investigated using a plant miRNA microarray platform. A total of 118 miRNAs were detected in mock- and E. turcicum-inoculated leaves. Among these miRNAs, miR530, miR811, miR829, and miR845 were identified as new miRNAs in maize through a homology-based approach. The secondary structures and putative targets of these miRNAs were also predicted. In addition, four miRNAs were differentially regulated in response to E. turcicum: miR811, miR829, miR845, and miR408. The functional annotation of the predicted targets indicated that these stress-responsive miRNAs regulate metabolic, morphologic, and physiologic adaptations in maize seedlings at the post-transcriptional level. Four targets were negatively correlated with their corresponding miRNAs (miR811, miR829, and miR408). Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that miR811 and miR829 confers a high degree of resistance to E. turcicum, which can be used in maize breeding programs.
As a spatial–temporal sequence prediction task, radar echo extrapolation aims to predict radar echoes’ future movement and intensity changes based on historical radar observations. Two urgent issues ...still need to be addressed in deep learning radar echo extrapolation models. First, the predicted radar echo sequences often exhibit echo-blurring phenomena. Second, over time, the output echo intensities from the model gradually weaken. In this paper, we propose a novel model called the MS-RadarFormer, a Transformer-based multi-scale deep learning model for radar echo extrapolation, to mitigate the two above issues. We introduce a multi-scale design in the encoder–decoder structure and a Spatial–Temporal Attention block to improve the precision of radar echoes and establish long-term dependencies of radar echo features. The model uses a non-autoregressive approach for echo prediction, avoiding accumulation errors during the recursive generation of future echoes. Compared to the baseline, our model shows an average improvement of 15.8% in the critical success index (CSI), an average decrease of 8.3% in the false alarm rate (FAR), and an average improvement of 16.2% in the Heidke skill score (HSS).
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