Single-cell analysis is a valuable tool for dissecting cellular heterogeneity in complex systems
. However, a comprehensive single-cell atlas has not been achieved for humans. Here we use single-cell ...mRNA sequencing to determine the cell-type composition of all major human organs and construct a scheme for the human cell landscape (HCL). We have uncovered a single-cell hierarchy for many tissues that have not been well characterized. We established a 'single-cell HCL analysis' pipeline that helps to define human cell identity. Finally, we performed a single-cell comparative analysis of landscapes from human and mouse to identify conserved genetic networks. We found that stem and progenitor cells exhibit strong transcriptomic stochasticity, whereas differentiated cells are more distinct. Our results provide a useful resource for the study of human biology.
Abstract
Buddhist monks were commonly portrayed as seducers and even rapists in late sixteenth-century vernacular literature, including, most commonly, courtroom tales (gong'an 公案). Do these stories ...reflect a deterioration in clerical morality and behavior, or a decline in Buddhist faith and practice, as is sometimes argued? Neither explanation is credible. I argue that the image of monks in courtroom tales should be understood as a literary convention, growing out the burgeoning market for entertainment literature, rather than a window onto social reality. It also reflects an increasing male anxiety about the control of women.
Abstract In recent years, single-cell analyses have revealed the heterogeneity of the tumour microenvironment (TME) at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels, further improving our ...understanding of the mechanisms of tumour development. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology allow analysis of the transcriptome at the single-cell level and have unprecedented potential for exploration of the characteristics involved in tumour development and progression. These techniques allow analysis of transcript sequences at higher resolution, thereby increasing our understanding of the diversity of cells found in the tumour microenvironment and how these cells interact in complex tumour tissue. Although scRNA-seq has emerged as an important tool for studying the tumour microenvironment in recent years, it cannot be used to analyse spatial information for cells. In this regard, spatial transcriptomics (ST) approaches allow researchers to understand the functions of individual cells in complex multicellular organisms by understanding their physical location in tissue sections. In particular, in related research on tumour heterogeneity, ST is an excellent complementary approach to scRNA-seq, constituting a new method for further exploration of tumour heterogeneity, and this approach can also provide unprecedented insight into the development of treatments for pancreatic cancer (PC). In this review, based on the methods of scRNA-seq and ST analyses, research progress on the tumour microenvironment and treatment of pancreatic cancer is further explained.
As the filling layer material of CRTS III slab ballastless track structure, self-compacting concrete (SCC) requires good fluidity. In this paper, the 3D laser scanning technology and digital image ...processing technology were used to characterize the aggregate morphology quantitatively, and an aggregate classification method considering the angularity of mesoscale was proposed. Meanwhile, aggregate particles with natural morphology were generated by Clump method, and the slump-flow test of SCC was simulated in 3D by the discrete element method (DEM) based on the adhesive rolling resistance linear model. On this basis, the effect of aggregate morphology on the flowability of self-compacting concrete was quantitatively studied, and the explanation was given from the perspectives of aggregate voidage and aggregate behavior. The results show that aggregate's macro-shape has twice the effect on self-compacting concrete flowability as aggregate's meso-angularity. For the sake of obtaining better flowability of self-compacting concrete, the priority order of aggregate is smooth spherical aggregate, multi-angular spherical aggregate, smooth elongated-flaky aggregate and multi-angular elongated-flaky aggregate. In addition, the flowability of self-compacting concrete is inversely proportional to the content of multi-angular elongated-flaky aggregate. The content of multi-angular elongated-flaky aggregate in self-compacting concrete for use as track filling layer should be kept below 10 %.
•The aggregate model with real morphology was generated by Clump method.•A 3D aggregate database considering real morphology was established.•The void spatial distribution of aggregate loose packing ...was studied.
Reducing the voidage of aggregate loose packing can improve the workability of concrete, and aggregate morphology directly affects the voidage of aggregate loose packing. This paper combined 3D laser scanning and digital image processing (DIP) technology to perform statistical analysis on aggregate morphology characteristics such as sphericity, flatness, elongation and angularity index. A 3D aggregate database was built using the structured query language (SQL). On this basis, the discrete element model of loose packing was established by the gravity falling method (GFM), considering the natural morphology of aggregates; and the effect of aggregate morphology characteristics on the voidage and void spatial distribution of loose packing under different gradations was quantitatively studied. The results show that the voidage of aggregate loose packing decreases as aggregate sphericity increases and increases with the increase in angularity index. The effect of sphericity on the voidage of aggregate loose packing is about five times that of angularity index. In addition, the voidage in aggregate packing is arranged in Z-shape, and the larger the aggregate sphericity or, the smaller the angularity index, the more uniform the voids in the aggregate packing are distributed.
Summary
Fruit malformation is a major constrain in fruit production worldwide resulting in substantial economic losses. The farmers for decades noticed that the chilling temperature before blooming ...often caused malformed fruits. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear.
Here we examined the fruit development in response to cold stress in tomato, and demonstrated that short‐term cold stress increased the callose accumulation in both shoot apical and floral meristems, resulting in the symplastic isolation and altered intercellular movement of WUS.
In contrast to the rapidly restored SlWUS transcription during the recovery from cold stress, the callose removal was delayed due to obstructed plasmodesmata. The delayed reinstatement of cell‐to‐cell transport of SlWUS prevented the activation of SlCLV3 and TAG1, causing the interrupted feedback inhibition of SlWUS expression, leading to the expanded stem cell population and malformed fruits. We further showed that the callose dynamics in response to short‐term cold stress presumably exploits the mechanism of bud dormancy during the seasonal growth, involving two antagonistic hormones, abscisic acid and gibberellin.
Our results provide a novel insight into the cold stress regulated malformation of fruit.
Intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) is attractive because of high-dose conformality and efficient delivery. However, managing intrafraction motion is challenging for IMAT. The purpose of this ...research was to develop and investigate electromagnetically guided dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) tracking as an enabling technology to treat moving targets during IMAT.
A real-time three-dimensional DMLC-based target tracking system was developed and integrated with a linear accelerator. The DMLC tracking software inputs a real-time electromagnetically measured target position and the IMAT plan, and dynamically creates new leaf positions directed at the moving target. Low- and high-modulation IMAT plans were created for lung and prostate cancer cases. The IMAT plans were delivered to a three-axis motion platform programmed with measured patient motion. Dosimetric measurements were acquired by placing an ion chamber array on the moving platform. Measurements were acquired with tracking, without tracking (current clinical practice), and with the phantom in a static position (reference). Analysis of dose distribution differences from the static reference used a γ-test.
On average, 1.6% of dose points for the lung plans and 1.2% of points for the prostate plans failed the 3-mm/3% γ-test with tracking; without tracking, 34% and 14% (respectively) of points failed the γ-test. The delivery time was the same with and without tracking.
Electromagnetic-guided DMLC target tracking with IMAT has been investigated for the first time. Dose distributions to moving targets with DMLC tracking were significantly superior to those without tracking. There was no loss of treatment efficiency with DMLC tracking.
ObjectivesAlthough family planning in China has changed gradually since 1994, there are few studies about family planning and women’s reproductive rights. The main objective of this study was to ...examine awareness of sexual and reproductive healthcare rights (SRHCRs), and learn how factors related to family planning influence awareness of SRHCRs among married women of reproductive age in China.Methods and participantsInner Mongolia, Chongqing, Guangdong and Henan were selected for the study, and a total of 2504 married women of reproductive age were recruited. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information on participants’ awareness of SRHCRs.ResultsThere were a total of 10 843 (≤6×2504) responses, with a response rate of 72.17% (10 843/15 024) on average among participants regarding SRHCRs (a multiple response set). The highest response rate was for choice (Right 3) (90.64%, 95% CI 89.47%, 91.81%), followed by privacy (Right 5) (86.11%, 95% CI 84.72%, 87.50%) and information (Right 1) (84.47%, 95% CI 83.02%, 85.93%). Only 43.39% (95% CI 41.40%, 45.38%) of participants gave responses to safety (Right 4). Participants without children showed more interest in Right 1, in access (Right 2) and in Right 4. Those who utilised tests for fetal sex determination paid more attention to Rights 2 and 4. Women who accepted informed choice were more likely to be aware of all six rights except for Right 3 and dignity (Right 6). Those individuals who were satisfied or very satisfied with comprehensive sexual and reproductive health counselling services were more likely to show interest in all six rights.ConclusionsAwareness of SRHCRs among reproductive aged women in China is still inadequate. Family planning service providers might strengthen the service awareness of sex and reproductive health rights according to the different needs of women.
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important secondary metabolites in plants, but information on anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanisms in Chinese cabbage is limited. The new purple head Chinese cabbage cultivar ...11S91 was analyzed, and an R2R3-MYB regulatory gene
BrMYB2
, located on chromosome A07, controlling the dominant purple-head trait was isolated. High expression of
BrMYB2
generated a large accumulation of anthocyanins in 11S91, accompanied by highly upregulated
BrTT8
,
BrF3
′
H
,
BrDFR1
,
BrANS1
,
BrUGT
s,
BrAT
s, and
BrGST
s. 11S91 inherited the purple locus from purple trait donor 95T2-5, and they shared consensus CDSs and gDNAs with those of
BrMYB2
(
cBrMYB2
and
gBrMYB2
). Two SNPs in
cBrMYB2
in 11S91 did not cause loss of function; in addition to several SNPs at both ends of intron 1, a large deletion had occurred in intron 1 of
gBrMYB2
in 11S91. Genetic transformation of
Arabidopsis
showed that
gBrMYB2
overexpression lines presented deeper purple color and higher expression than did the c
BrMYB2
and c
Brmyb2
lines, whereas
gBrmyb2
with a long intron 1 did not cause the purple phenotype. We first show that
BrMYB2
promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis under the control of the short intron 1 of g
BrMYB2
in purple head Chinese cabbage, and
gBrmyb2
with a long intron 1 represses anthocyanin production in white head Chinese cabbage. This evidence provides a new understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis and purple germplasm generation in
Brassica
vegetables.
Intrafraction rotation of more than 45° and 25° has been observed for lung and prostate tumors, respectively. Such rotation is not routinely adapted to during current radiotherapy, which may ...compromise tumor dose coverage. The aim of the study was to investigate the geometric and dosimetric performance of an electromagnetically guided real-time dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) tracking system to adapt to intrafractional tumor rotation.
Target rotation was provided by changing the treatment couch angle. The target rotation was measured by a research Calypso system integrated with a real-time DMLC tracking system employed on a Varian linac. The geometric beam-target rotational alignment difference was measured using electronic portal images. The dosimetric accuracy was quantified using a two-dimensional ion chamber array. For each beam, the following five delivery modes were tested: 1) nonrotated target (reference); 2) fixed rotated target with tracking; 3) fixed rotated target without tracking; 4) actively rotating target with tracking; and 5) actively rotating target without tracking. Dosimetric performance of the latter four modes was measured and compared to the reference dose distribution using a 3 mm/3% γ-test.
Geometrically, the beam-target rotational alignment difference was 0.3° ± 0.6° for fixed rotation and 0.3° ± 1.3° for active rotation. Dosimetrically, the average failure rate for the γ-test for a fixed rotated target was 11% with tracking and 36% without tracking. The average failure rate for an actively rotating target was 9% with tracking and 35% without tracking.
For the first time, real-time target rotation has been accurately detected and adapted to during radiation delivery via DMLC tracking. The beam-target rotational alignment difference was mostly within 1°. Dose distributions to fixed and actively rotating targets with DMLC tracking were significantly superior to those without tracking.
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