Currently, many clinical trials have shown that inulin-type fructans (ITF) supplementation is associated with glycemic control; nevertheless, the results are inconclusive. The aim of this ...meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was to assess the effects of ITF supplementation on glycemic control.
PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched for eligible articles up to March 6, 2019. A random-effects model was used to analyze the pooled results, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was applied to assess the quality of evidence. The dose-response model was used to recommend the daily dose and duration for ITF supplementation.
Thirty-three trials involving 1346 participants were included. Overall, ITF supplementation could significantly reduce concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In the prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) population, a more significant reduction in FBG weighted mean difference (WMD): - 0.60 mmol/l; 95% CI - 0.71, - 0.48 mmol/l; high rate, HbA1c (WMD: - 0.58%; 95% CI - 0.83, - 0.32%; high rate), FINS (WMD: - 1.75 µU/ml; 95% CI - 2.87, - 0.63 µU/ml; low rate), and HOMA-IR (WMD: - 0.69; 95% CI - 1.10, - 0.28; low rate) were observed, and ITF supplementation with a daily dose of 10 g for a duration of 6 weeks and longer was recommended. Moreover, subgroup analyses suggested that the effects of glycemic control were significantly influenced by the sex of the subjects and the type and the method of intake of ITF.
Our analyses confirmed that these four main glycemic indicators were significantly reduced by ITF supplementation, particularly in the prediabetes and T2DM population. Evidence supports that reasonable administration of ITF supplementation may have potential clinical value as an adjuvant therapy for prediabetes and T2DM management. Trial registration The trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42018115875 on November 23, 2018.
Recent experiments revealed that Mn3Sn and Mn3Ge exhibit a strong anomalous Hall effect at room temperature, provoking us to explore their electronic structures for topological properties. By ab ...initio band structure calculations, we have observed the existence of multiple Weyl points in the bulk and corresponding Fermi arcs on the surface, predicting antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetals in Mn3Ge and Mn3Sn. Here the chiral antiferromagnetism in the Kagome-type lattice structure is essential to determine the positions and numbers of Weyl points. Our work further reveals a new guiding principle to search for magnetic Weyl semimetals among materials that exhibit a strong anomalous Hall effect.
Unlike previous studies, this paper empirically investigates the impact of urbanization on energy consumption and CO2 emissions with consideration of provincial differences. The results show the ...following: (1) Urbanization increases energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China, but it is not the most outstanding contributor to the increases. (2) Significant differences exist between provinces in terms of the impact of urbanization on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The distribution of urbanization strongly and relatively strongly affects energy consumption in regions with high-urbanization areas but also those with low-urbanization areas. Meanwhile, urbanization strongly and relatively strongly affects the regional CO2 emissions in northern China, where the major coal production areas, characterized by an energy-guzzling heavy industry base, are located. (3) Some evidence supports the arguments of urban environmental transition theory. Cities at a post-industrial stage (such as Beijing and Shanghai) experience a large effect from urbanization because of higher energy consumption in private residential and public service sectors, while in western and central China, the impact of urbanization can be associated with industrial development, which is characterized by low energy efficiency, high energy consumption and high emissions. In eastern China, the coexistence of light industrial structures and rapid urbanization has led to a smaller impact from urbanization on energy consumption and CO2 emissions than in the other two regions.
This is the first randomised controlled trial for assessment of the immunogenicity and safety of a candidate non-replicating adenovirus type-5 (Ad5)-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, aiming to determine an ...appropriate dose of the candidate vaccine for an efficacy study.
This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of the Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine was done in a single centre in Wuhan, China. Healthy adults aged 18 years or older, who were HIV-negative and previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-free, were eligible to participate and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine at a dose of 1 × 1011 viral particles per mL or 5 × 1010 viral particles per mL, or placebo. Investigators allocated participants at a ratio of 2:1:1 to receive a single injection intramuscularly in the arm. The randomisation list (block size 4) was generated by an independent statistician. Participants, investigators, and staff undertaking laboratory analyses were masked to group allocation. The primary endpoints for immunogenicity were the geometric mean titres (GMTs) of specific ELISA antibody responses to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and neutralising antibody responses at day 28. The primary endpoint for safety evaluation was the incidence of adverse reactions within 14 days. All recruited participants who received at least one dose were included in the primary and safety analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04341389.
603 volunteers were recruited and screened for eligibility between April 11 and 16, 2020. 508 eligible participants (50% male; mean age 39·7 years, SD 12·5) consented to participate in the trial and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine (1 × 1011 viral particles n=253; 5 × 1010 viral particles n=129) or placebo (n=126). In the 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles dose groups, the RBD-specific ELISA antibodies peaked at 656·5 (95% CI 575·2–749·2) and 571·0 (467·6–697·3), with seroconversion rates at 96% (95% CI 93–98) and 97% (92–99), respectively, at day 28. Both doses of the vaccine induced significant neutralising antibody responses to live SARS-CoV-2, with GMTs of 19·5 (95% CI 16·8–22·7) and 18·3 (14·4–23·3) in participants receiving 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles, respectively. Specific interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses post vaccination were observed in 227 (90%, 95% CI 85–93) of 253 and 113 (88%, 81–92) of 129 participants in the 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles dose groups, respectively. Solicited adverse reactions were reported by 183 (72%) of 253 and 96 (74%) of 129 participants in the 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles dose groups, respectively. Severe adverse reactions were reported by 24 (9%) participants in the 1 × 1011 viral particles dose group and one (1%) participant in the 5 × 1010 viral particles dose group. No serious adverse reactions were documented.
The Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine at 5 × 1010 viral particles is safe, and induced significant immune responses in the majority of recipients after a single immunisation.
National Key R&D Programme of China, National Science and Technology Major Project, and CanSino Biologics.
Abstract An asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of β‐fluoroalkylated α,β‐unsaturated 2‐acyl imidazole with nitrones or N,N’‐cyclic azomethine imines to construct chiral α‐fluoroalkylated γ‐amino ...alcohols or chiral α‐fluoroalkylated 1,3‐diamino compounds has catalyzed by chiral‐at‐metal rhodium complexes is reported. The corresponding products with three contiguous tertiary stereocenters were obtained in 62%–98% yields with stereoselectivities up to >20:1 dr and 99% ee. Remarkably, as low as 0.06 mol% of chiral‐at‐metal rhodium complex can promote a gram‐scale reaction with nitrones or N,N’‐cyclic azomethine imines.
Chiral‐at‐metal RhIII complexes catalyze the efficient enantioselective Mannich reaction of 2‐acyl imidazoles with 1,3,5‐triazinanes, affording the corresponding adducts in 81–99 % yield with up to ...>99 % enantioselectivity. This protocol performs with 0.1 mol‐% of RhIII complex on gram scale without any loss in enantioselectivity.
An efficient enantioselective Mannich reaction of 2‐acyl imidazoles with 1,3,5‐triazinanes catalyzed by chiral‐at‐metal RhIII complexes has been developed, affording the corresponding adducts in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities.
Bottom-up synthesized graphene nanoribbons and graphene nanoribbon heterostructures have promising electronic properties for high-performance field-effect transistors and ultra-low power devices such ...as tunneling field-effect transistors. However, the short length and wide band gap of these graphene nanoribbons have prevented the fabrication of devices with the desired performance and switching behavior. Here, by fabricating short channel (L
~ 20 nm) devices with a thin, high-κ gate dielectric and a 9-atom wide (0.95 nm) armchair graphene nanoribbon as the channel material, we demonstrate field-effect transistors with high on-current (I
> 1 μA at V
= -1 V) and high I
/I
~ 10
at room temperature. We find that the performance of these devices is limited by tunneling through the Schottky barrier at the contacts and we observe an increase in the transparency of the barrier by increasing the gate field near the contacts. Our results thus demonstrate successful fabrication of high-performance short-channel field-effect transistors with bottom-up synthesized armchair graphene nanoribbons.Graphene nanoribbons show promise for high-performance field-effect transistors, however they often suffer from short lengths and wide band gaps. Here, the authors use a bottom-up synthesis approach to fabricate 9- and 13-atom wide ribbons, enabling short-channel transistors with 10
on-off current ratio.
A newly prepared chiral-at-metal Rh(III) complex-catalyzed, highly efficient enantioselective decarboxylative Michael addition of β-keto acids with α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles or pyridine has ...been developed, affording the corresponding adducts in 94–98% yield with up to 96% enantioselectivity. This protocol exhibits remarkable reactivity, as the complex with a Rh(III) loading as low as 0.05 mol % can catalyze the decarboxylative Michael addition on a gram scale without loss of enantioselectivity.
The tandem cyclization of acrylamide with diselenides facilitated by electrochemical oxidation was successfully developed. This strategy provided an environmentally friendly method for the ...construction of C−Se bond. A series of seleno oxindoles with pharmacological activity were obtained by using this well‐designed tandem cyclization strategy. The in vitro antitumor activity of the compounds was also screened through MTT assay. Results showed that the seleno oxindoles exhibited better antitumor activity than other oxindole derivatives.
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