Regulatory T cells are a subgroup of T cells with immunomodulatory functions. Different from most cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, they play a supporting role in the immune system. What’s more, ...regulatory T cells often play an immunosuppressive role, which mainly plays a role in maintaining the stability of the immune system and regulating the immune response in the body. However, recent studies have shown that not only playing a role in autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and other aspects, regulatory T cells can also play a role in the immune escape of tumors in the body, through various mechanisms to help tumor cells escape from the demic immune system, weakening the anti-cancer effect in the body. For a better understanding of the role that regulatory T cells can play in cancer, and to be able to use regulatory T cells for tumor immunotherapy more quickly. This review focuses on the research progress of various mechanisms of regulatory T cells in the tumor environment, the related research of tumor cells acting on regulatory T cells, and the existing various therapeutic methods acting on regulatory T cells.
•Unlike in the past, Treg cells have also been found to play a powerful role in cancer treatment.•Treg cells exert immunosuppressive effects through various ways, such as cell-cell contact, secretion of cytokines, regulation of DC function, binding to chemokine CCL22/CCL17, and so on, and acting in the tumor microenvironment.•Tumorigenesis is often accompanied by an increase in the number of Treg cells.•Many recent studies have found that metabolic pathways, receptors, and proteins on Treg cells, bile acids, and even apoptotic Treg cells can promote Treg cells to exert immune suppression, and then help tumors escape from the immune system.•More and more targeted therapy drugs that block the target sites on Treg cells and destroy the homeostasis between Th17 cells and Treg cells can be effective immunotherapy for tumors.
In this paper, the pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) of the best-worst method (BWM) is regarded as a special incomplete PCM (IPCM), and an improved method based on the optimal completion of the IPCM, ...called BWM-IPCM, is proposed. Firstly, as a special IPCM, BWM-IPCM has been proven to be effective/acceptable and ordinally consistent. Then, with the best consistency as the objective function, the optimization model of BWM-IPCM is established to achieve the optimal completion of incomplete elements, and the optimal weights and rankings are obtained from the completed PCM. In order to deal with possible inconsistencies in BWM, two methods are proposed: one is to invite experts to supplement a small amount of comparison information among inconsistent criteria found; the other is to fine-tune known elements to improve consistency without the participation of experts. Finally, illustrative examples show that compared with the original BWM, the proposed method can make more effective use of additional comparison information, has better consistency description and interpretation, and is easier to solve.
Cellulolytic bacteria ferment dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids, which play an important role in improving fiber utilization and maintaining intestinal health. Safe and effective ...cellulolytic bacteria are highly promising probiotic candidates. In this study, we isolated three strains of
which exhibited cellulolytic properties, from Kele pig feces. To assess the genetic basis of cellulose degradation by the isolates, whole-genome sequencing was used to detect functional genes associated with cellulose metabolism. Subsequently, we identified that the
CL2 strain was safe in mice by monitoring body weight changes, performing histopathologic evaluations, and determining routine blood indices. We next evaluated the biological characteristics of the CL2 strain in terms of its growth, tolerance, and antibiotic susceptibility, with a focus on its ability to produce short-chain fatty acids. Finally, the intestinal flora structure of the experimental animals was analyzed to assess the intestinal environment compatibility of the CL2 strain. In this study, we isolated a cellulolytic
CL2, which has multiple cellulolytic functional genes and favorable biological characteristics, from the feces of Kele pigs. Moreover, CL2 could produce a variety of short-chain fatty acids and does not significantly affect the diversity of the intestinal flora. In summary, the cellulolytic bacterium
CL2 is a promising strain for use as a commercial probiotic or in feed supplement.
Short-chain fatty acids are crucial constituents of the intestinal tract, playing an important and beneficial role in preserving the functional integrity of the intestinal barrier and modulating both immune responses and the structure of the intestinal flora. In the intestine, short-chain fatty acids are mainly produced by bacterial fermentation of cellulose. Therefore, we believe that safe and efficient cellulolytic bacteria have the potential to be novel probiotics. In this study, we systematically evaluated the safety and biological characteristics of the cellulolytic bacterium
CL2 and provide evidence for its use as a probiotic.
Identifying key road segments and prioritizing their protection to enhance the resilience of road networks against crisis events remains a pressing issue. In this paper, complex network theory is ...adopted to determine the importance ranking of road segments and analyse how to select the road segments that need to be rehabilitated in the case of insufficient budget. This study will provide three different methods to assess the importance of road segments, and with the help of user equilibrium model for traffic demand allocation, calculate the system travel time after rehabilitation to evaluate, compare, and analyse different rehabilitation schemes, and then get the rehabilitation scheme with better performance. Meanwhile, it is investigated whether the optimal road segment rehabilitation combination will change under different budget levels. The results of the case study finally show that the rehabilitation set determined by the Clustering Coefficient and the betweenness is better, which can provide practical guidance on how to select the prioritized rehabilitation segments.
To improve the inconsistency in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a new method based on marginal optimization theory is proposed. During the improving process, this paper regards the reduction of ...consistency ratio (CR) as benefit, and the maximum modification compared to the original pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) as cost, then the improvement of consistency is transformed to a benefit/cost analysis problem. According to the maximal marginal effect principle, the elements of PCM are modified by a fixed increment (or decrement) step by step till the consistency ratio becomes acceptable, which can ensure minimum adjustment to the original PCM so that the decision makers’ judgment is preserved as much as possible. The correctness of the proposed method is proved mathematically by theorem. Firstly, the marginal benefit/cost ratio is calculated for each single element of the PCM when it has been modified by a fixed increment (or decrement).Then, modification to the element with the maximum marginal benefit/cost ratio is accepted. Next, the marginal benefit/cost ratio is calculated again upon the revised matrix, and followed by choosing the modification to the element with the maximum marginal benefit/cost ratio. The process of calculating marginal effect and choosing the best modified element is repeated for each revised matrix till acceptable consistency is reached, i.e., CR<0.1. Finally,illustrative examples show the proposed method is more effective and better in preserving the original comparison information than existing methods.
Background Hypotension is a risk factor for postoperative complications, but evidence from randomized trials does not support that a higher blood pressure target always leads to optimized outcomes. ...The heterogeneity of underlying hemodynamics during hypotension may contribute to these contradictory results. Exploring the subtypes of hypotension can enable optimal management of intraoperative hypotension. Methods This is a prospective, observational pilot study. Patients who were ≥ 45 years old and scheduled to undergo moderate-to-high-risk noncardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. The primary objective of this pilot study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of perioperative hypotension and its subtypes (hypotension with or without cardiac output reduction). The exposure of hypotension and its subtypes in patients with and without myocardial or acute kidney injury were also explored. Results Sixty patients were included in the analysis. 83% (50/60) of the patients experienced perioperative hypotension. The median duration of hypotension for each patient was 8.0 interquartile range, 3.1–23.3 minutes. Reduced cardiac output was present during 77% of the hypotension duration. Patients suffering from postoperative myocardial or acute kidney injury displayed longer duration and more extensive exposure in all hypotension subtypes. However, the percentage of different hypotension subtypes did not differ in patients with or without postoperative myocardial or acute kidney injury. Conclusion Perioperative hypotension was frequently accompanied by cardiac output reduction in moderate-to-high-risk noncardiac surgical patients. However, due to the pilot nature of this study, the relationship between hypotension subtypes and postoperative myocardial or acute kidney injury still needs further exploration. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=134260 , CTR2200055929.
•DMU-TransNet is a novel anomaly detection and localization model.•ConvTR module is integrated into the encoder of DMU-TransNet to better reconstruct image.•DMSC module can detect anomalies of ...various scales and types with low computational cost.•MF module can minimize information loss and enable the model to obtain diverse information.•Our AUROC improves by 3.8% and 1.9% on the medical dataset and the MVtec-AD dataset.
Anomaly detection is crucial in medical and industrial sectors. Despite the promising results of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), existing approaches often focus predominantly on local visual features, neglecting global and multi-scale features. This limitation leads to unstable training and suboptimal detection performance. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel anomaly detection model, named DMU-TransNet. Firstly, the Convolution with Transformer (ConvTR) module is designed to enlarge the receptive field and enhance the model's global dependence. Secondly, the Dense Multi-scale Skip Connection (DMSC) module amalgamates multi-scale features from various layers, enabling the model to comprehend local details and global context simultaneously, while mitigating the vanishing gradients problem. Finally, the Multi-level Fusion (MF) module merges multi-scale features from multi-level decoders, minimizing information loss and enabling effective capture of diverse information. Extensive experimental results confirm that our method achieves optimal performance on several mainstream datasets. Our code is available at https://github.com/ml-AD/DMU-TransNet.
Attacks by terrorist using sharp objects such as knives and axes occurred frequently. The evolution of the slashing event involves many factors. A system exploration is needed to reveal the ...mechanism, find key factors, and choose effective response. We built agent-based model of terrorist and civilian and explored the process of evacuation during slashing attack. We formalized the attack process of terrorist using a finite state machine, and analyzed the characteristics of sharp weapons. We proposed a civilian behavior model based on the perception-decision-behavior framework. In emergency state, civilian takes action based on the current situation and his/her individual characteristics. Based on the multi-agent model, we developed a simulation software. Evacuation in slashing event is simulated to study the relationship between civilian's characteristics and the event consequence. The results show that the civilian's observation range and risk sensitivity have significant impact on the number of casualties.
A wireless remote-query disposable magnetoelastic biosensor is developed for the assay of acid phosphatase (ACP). The sensor was fabricated by applying a layer of pH-sensitive polymer to a ...magnetoelastic ribbon and, on top of it, a sensing film containing bovine serum albumin and adenosine-5′-monophosphate (5′-AMP), the substrate of ACP. In response to an externally applied time-varying magnetic field, the magnetoelastic sensor mechanically vibrates at a characteristic frequency that is inversely dependent on the mass of the attached film. Because the magnetoelastic sensor is magnetostrictive, the mechanical vibrations of the sensor launch magnetic flux that can be detected remotely from the sensor using a pick-up coil. The ACP-catalyzed hydrolysis of 5′-AMP decreases the solution pH, resulting in the polymer shrinking and, consequently, the resonance frequency of the magnetoelastic sensor increasing. The experimental condition was optimized to be 37°C, in 2.5 mM sodium citrate buffer solution (pH 6.5). Using citrate as buffer can enhance the ACP activity, partly offsetting the effect of the buffer capacity on the sensitivity. The kinetic parameter were measured to be: 1.64×10
-3
M (Michaelis constant) and 130 Hz/min (maximum initial rate). This work provides a remote enzymatic assay of ACP. The relative standard deviation in the measurements of six sensors in parallel is 3.4%. The proposed sensor can determine 0.2∼1.2 U/ml of ACP.
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