Flexible planar micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with unique loose and porous nanofiber‐like electrode structures are fabricated by combining electrochemical deposition with inkjet printing. Benefiting ...from the resulting porous nanofiber‐like structures, the areal capacitance of the inkjet‐printed flexible planar MSCs is obviously enhanced to 46.6 mF cm−2, which is among the highest values ever reported for MSCs. The complicated fabrication process is successfully averted as compared with previously reported best‐performing planar MSCs. Besides excellent electrochemical performance, the resultant MSCs also show superior mechanical flexibility. The as‐fabricated MSCs can be highly bent to 180° 1000 times with the capacitance retention still up to 86.8%. Intriguingly, because of the remarkable patterning capability of inkjet printing, various modular MSCs in serial and in parallel can be directly and facilely inkjet‐printed without using external metal interconnects and tedious procedures. As a consequence, the electrochemical performance can be largely enhanced to better meet the demands of practical applications. Additionally, flexible serial MSCs with exquisite and aesthetic patterns are also inkjet‐printed, showing great potential in fashionable wearable electronics. The results suggest a feasible strategy for the facile and cost‐effective fabrication of high‐performance flexible MSCs via inkjet printing.
An effective general strategy to fabricate high‐performance flexible micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with porous nanofiber‐like electrode structures is presented. Benefited from the porous nanofiber‐like structures, the specific capacitance of the resultant MSCs is largely improved while averting the complicated fabrication process.
•Highly ordered porous MOFs have been emerged as promising candidates for efficient immobilization of enzyme.•An update and systematic review about MOFs for enzyme immobilization is ...presented.•General strategies for preparation of MOFs-enzyme composites and the key factors during synthetic procedures are summarized.•MOFs-enzyme composites with significantly improved catalytic performances have been extensively utilized in different fields.•Research hotspots, barriers and future perspectives of this developing area are described.
As a typical green methodology, enzymatic catalysis has been extensively employed in multitudinous chemical and biological transformation procedures. However, intrinsic fragile nature of enzymes makes them prone to denaturation or destabilization in harsh practical conditions, leading to unavoidably shortened lifespan and extremely high cost. It was proven that enzyme immobilization is an efficient strategy for enhancing their catalytic performance in continuous industrial practices. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with extremely high specific surface area, abundant porosity, extraordinary multifunctionality, and relatively high stability, in recent years, have attracted remarkable research interests as novel supporting matrices for efficient enzyme immobilization and protection. Many reported MOFs-enzyme composites exhibit unprecedented catalytic performances than those of free enzymes, including improved enzyme efficiency, stability, selectivity, and recyclability, due to the protection of enzymes by highly ordered frameworks. To present a systematic overview of this emerging and developing field, herein, we summarize an update review about the most recent advances in MOFs immobilizing enzymes from the aspects of general synthetic approaches, critical impact factors, enhanced catalytic performances, and the practical applications. Subsequently, the emerging theories, methodologies and technologies in this thriving area are briefly introduced. Finally, barriers and future perspectives about MOFs for enzyme immobilization are also discussed.
Background： Sacroiliac （SI） screw fixation is a demanding technique, with a high rate of screw malposition due to the complex pelvic anatomy. TiRobot- is an orthopedic surgery robot which can be used ...for SI screw fixation. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of robot-assisted placement of SI screws compared with a freehand technique. Methods：Thirty patients requiring posterior pelvic ring stabilization were randomized to receive freehand or robot-assisted SI screw fixation, between January 2016 and June 2016 at Beijing Jishuitan Hospital. Forty-five screws were placed at levels S1 and S2. In both methods, the primary end point screw position was assessed and classified using postoperative computed tomography. Fisher＇s exact probability test was used to analyze the screws＇positions. Secondary end points, such as duration of trajectory planning, surgical time after reduction of the pelvis, insertion time for guide wire, number of guide wire attempts, and radiation exposure without pelvic reduction, were also assessed. Results： Twenty-three screws were placed in the robot-assisted group and 22 screws in the freehand group; no postoperative complications or revisions were reported. The excellent and good rate of screw placement was 100% in the robot-assisted group and 95% in the freehand group. The P value （0.009） showed the same superiority in screw distribution. The fluoroscopy time after pelvic reduction in the robot-assisted group was significantly shorter than that in the freehand group （median Q1, Q3： 6.0 6.0, 9.0 s vs. median Q1, Q3： 36.0 21.5, 48.0 s; χ2 = 13.590, respectively, P 〈 0.001）; no difference in operation time after reduction of the pelvis was noted （χ2 = 1.990, P = 0.158）. Time for guide wire insertion was significantly shorter for the robot-assisted group than that for the freehand group （median Q1, Q3： 2.0 2.0, 2.7 min vs. median Q1, Q3： 19.0 15.5, 45.0 min; χ2 = 20.952, respectively, P 〈 0.001）. The number of guide wire attempts in the robot-assisted group was significantly less than that in the freehand group （median Q1, Q3： 1.0 1.0,1.0 time vs. median Q1, Q3： 7.0 1.0, 9.0 times; χ2 = 15.771, respectively, P 〈 0.001）. The instrumented SI levels did not differ between both groups （from S1 to S2, χ2 = 4.760, P = 0.093）. Conclusions： Accuracy of the robot-assisted technique was superior to that of the freehand technique. Robot-assisted navigation is safe for unstable posterior pelvic ring stabilization, especially in S1, but also in S2. SI screw insertion with robot-assisted navigation is clinically feasible.
Here, inspired by the unique mesh geometry of fishing nets and the knotted fiber structures that can simultaneously enhance both the strength and deformability of the materials, new crosslinkers and ...elastic components into the polyzwitterionic electrolytes to construct high‐strength and ultra‐flexible fishing‐net‐like structure electrolytes are introduced. Specifically, the crosslinker rich in –NH can not only form chemical crosslinking points between polyzwitterion and elastic segments, but also physical crosslinking points, resulting in high strength of the electrolytes. Additionally, the elastic segments provide the electrolytes with super flexibility, strongly reducing the interface resistance of devices. Moreover, the backbone of polymers can collectively regulate anions and Li+, realizing stable Li+ deposition and suppressing the growth of lithium dendrites. As a consequence, the Li||Li symmetric cell can be stably cycled at 0.1 mA h−1 for over 5500 h at 30 °C, and the assembled Li/LiFePO4 (LFP) and Li/ LiNi0.8Co0.1M0.1 (NCM 811) cells both show good cell performances at various C‐rates at 30 °C. This work provides a new perspective for the construction of polymer electrolytes with synergistic cation–anion regulation functions for high safety and high energy density solid‐state lithium batteries.
A polymer electrolyte with fishing‐net‐like structure has been designed and synthesized to regulate Li+ and anions synergistically, which has been proven to be effective to achieve high‐performance lithium metal batteries.
An asymmetric (4+1) annulation of 3‐diazooxindoles/4‐diazooxisoquinolines with para‐quinone methides, catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid, has been described. A wide range of ...spirodihydrobenzofuran‐2,3′‐oxindoles/2,4′‐oxisoquinoline derivatives were afforded with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. In this study, the possible reaction pathway was proposed and the synthetic applications were shown by a tenfold scale‐up conversion as well as the further transformations into other structurally more complex spirocyclic compounds. The significance of this protocol is highlighted by its metal‐free participation with heterocyclic diazo compounds as the direct nucleophile and extremely high efficiency in a straightforward and mild reaction process to access the structurally‐diverse spiro‐heterocyclic 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran derivatives with good to excellent stereocontrol.
Background and Aims
Surgical resection is the primary treatment for HCC; however, it is associated with a high rate of recurrence and death. We conducted this phase 2 study to investigate the ...efficacy and safety of postoperative intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for HCC after narrow‐margin hepatectomy.
Approach and Results
We designed a single‐arm, prospective phase 2 trial to evaluate overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), recurrence patterns, and toxicity in patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. The eligibility criteria included the following: pathological diagnosis of HCC after hepatectomy, with narrow pathological margins (< 1 cm); age > 18 years; and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0 or 1. Patients received IMRT within 4‐6 weeks after surgical resection. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01456156). Between 2008 and 2016, a total of 76 eligible patients who underwent narrow‐margin resection were enrolled. The median follow‐up duration was 70 months; the 3‐year OS and DFS rates were 88.2% and 68.1%, respectively; and the 5‐year OS and DFS rates were 72.2% and 51.6%, respectively. Intrahepatic recurrence was the primary recurrence pattern. No marginal recurrence was found. Intrahepatic, extrahepatic, and combined recurrences at the first relapse were found in 33, 5, and 1 patient, respectively. The most common radiation‐related grade‐3 toxicities were leukopenia (7.9%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (3.9%) and aspartate aminotransferase (2.6%) levels, and thrombocytopenia (1.3%). Classical or nonclassical radiation‐induced liver disease was not noted.
Conclusions
Adjuvant radiotherapy is an effective, well‐tolerated, and promising adjuvant regimen in patients with HCC who have undergone narrow‐margin hepatectomy. Our trial provides evidence and a rationale for planning a future phase 3 trial.
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) possesses a critical role in promotion of cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In cancer, elevated XIAP expression has been associated ...with malignancy, poor prognosis, and treatment resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. XIAP has previously been proposed to promote tumor growth through suppression of autophagy. In this study, we examined the expression of XIAP and p62, two critical mediators of autophagy, in breast and colon cancer. We observed a negative correlation between XIAP and p62 expression in normal and cancer tissues of breast and colon, and that the ratio of XIAP and p62 expression determines the cancer phenotype. In vitro, we observed that XIAP interacted with p62 and also that XIAP depletion resulted in increased expression of p62. XIAP functioned as an ubiquitination E3 ligase towards p62 and suppressed p62 expression through ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, XIAP enhanced cancer cell proliferation, viability, and colony formation in vitro via suppression of p62. In addition, we demonstrated that XIAP-enhanced tumor growth is dependent on depletion of p62 in vivo. Herein, we have therefore delineated a novel mechanism by which XIAP contributes to development and progression of breast and colon carcinoma.
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) serving as platforms for bioactive guest encapsulation have attracted growing attention, yet the tailoring of its architectures and bioactivity remains a major ...challenge. Herein, a versatile competitive coordination strategy is proposed by using amorphous zinc nucleotide gel as template for step‐by‐step growth of ZIFs, which enables the tailoring of bioactive ZIF composites under facile conditions. Mechanism investigation reveals that introduced nucleotide determines the hierarchical pore structure and hydrophilicity, leading to customized activity retention and stability of the resultant bioactive ZIF composites. Furthermore, nucleoside monophosphate enhances the acidic tolerance of ZIFs. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first example showing the dynamic evolution of amorphous gels to crystalline ZIFs for in situ encapsulation of enzymes with tailored catalytic performance. This study provides insights for rational design of ZIF‐based biocomposites and broadens the application of bioactive metal–organic frameworks.
A facile competitive coordination strategy enables step‐by‐step evolution of amorphous gel to crystalline MOFs, which serves as an ideal platform for enzyme encapsulation in aqueous solution. The gradient changing chemistry including hierarchical porous structure and hydrophilicity endows the resultant bioactive MOFs composites with tailored catalytic performance.
The infralimbic (IL) cortex dysfunction has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD), yet the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we ...investigated the role of layer V pyramidal neurons in a mouse model of MDD induced by repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Our results demonstrate that three days of systemic LPS administration induced depressive-like behavior and upregulated mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the IL cortex. Electrophysiological recordings revealed a significant decrease in the intrinsic excitability of layer V pyramidal neurons in the IL following systemic LPS exposure. Importantly, chemogenetic activation of IL pyramidal neurons ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior. Additionally, LPS administration significantly increased microglial activity in the IL, as evidenced by a greater number of Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1)-positive cells. Morphometric analysis further unveiled enlarged soma, decreased branch numbers, and shorter branch lengths of microglial cells in the IL cortex following LPS exposure. Moreover, the activation of pyramidal neurons by clozapine-N-oxide increased the microglia branch length but did not change branch number or cytosolic area. These results collectively suggest that targeted activation of pyramidal neurons in the IL cortex mitigates microglial response and ameliorates depressive-like behaviors induced by systemic LPS administration. Therefore, our findings offer potential therapeutic targets for the development of interventions aimed at alleviating depressive symptoms by modulating IL cortical circuitry and microglial activity.
•Systemic LPS injection induced depression and upregulated mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the IL cortex.•LPS administration decreased the intrinsic excitability of layer V pyramidal neurons in the IL.•Chemogenetic activation of IL pyramidal neurons ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior.•LPS administration increased microglial activity in the IL.•Activation of pyramidal neurons by clozapine-N-oxide induced alterations in microglial morphology.
The development of novel green solvents has been one of the hottest subjects in green chemistry. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have logically and naturally emerged in the search for more ...biocompatible and biodegradable solvents. In this study, some basic physical properties, including viscosity, conductivity, and density, of 20 DESs prepared from choline chloride and various hydrogen-bond donors were investigated systematically. In addition, the biocompatibility of the tested DESs was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) bacteria. A closed bottle test was used to assess the biodegradability of these DESs. The results demonstrated that these choline chloride-based DESs were excellent solvents with extremely low toxicity and favorable biodegradability. Finally, DESs were used to extract a flavonoid (rutin) from the flower buds of Sophora japonica. An extraction efficiency of 194.17 ± 2.31 mg·g–1 was achieved using choline chloride/triethylene glycol containing 20% water. The excellent properties of DESs indicate their potential as promising green solvents for the extraction of rutin with favorable prospects for wide use in the field of green technology.
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